Geographic Variation in the Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Sunny Perspective
Geographic Variation in the Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Sunny Perspective
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DOI：
10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.010
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发表时间：
2013-10-15
影响因子：
10.6
通讯作者：
Kenemans, J. Leon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arns, Martijn;van der Heijden, Kristiaan B.;Kenemans, J. Leon
背景：注意力缺陷/多动障碍 (ADHD) 是儿童最常见的精神疾病，全球平均患病率为 5.3%，因地区而异。 方法：我们在多国和跨州研究的基础上评估了 ADHD 患病率与太阳强度 (SI)（千瓦时/平方米/天）之间的关系。美国的患病率数据基于专业诊断的自我报告；其他国家的患病率数据基于诊断评估。 SI 数据来自国家机构。 结果：在三个数据集中（2003 年和 2007 年跨越 49 个美国州，以及 9 个非美国国家）发现 SI 与 ADHD 患病率之间的关系，解释了 ADHD 患病率差异的 34%-57%，其中高 SI 具有明显的预防作用。控制低出生体重、婴儿死亡率、平均收入（社会经济地位）、纬度和其他相关因素并没有改变这些发现。此外，这些发现是针对 ADHD 的，而不是针对自闭症谱系障碍或重度抑郁症的患病率。结论：在这项研究中，我们发现美国和非美国数据的 SI 高的地区 ADHD 的患病率较低。这种关联以前没有在文献中报道过。高SI的预防作用可能与昼夜节律紊乱的改善有关，最近发现昼夜节律紊乱与多动症有关。这些发现可能适用于 ADHD 患者的一个重要亚组，并且对我们了解 ADHD 的病因以及医疗专业人员、学校、家长和移动设备制造商可能预防 ADHD 具有重大影响。
Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorder of childhood, with average worldwide prevalence of 5.3%, varying by region.Methods: We assessed the relationship between the prevalence of ADHD and solar intensity (SI) (kilowatt hours/square meters/day) on the basis of multinational and cross-state studies. Prevalence data for the U.S. were based on self-report of professional diagnoses; prevalence data for the other countries were based on diagnostic assessment. The SI data were obtained from national institutes.Results: In three datasets (across 49 U.S. states for 2003 and 2007, and across 9 non-U.S. countries) a relationship between SI and the prevalence of ADHD was found, explaining 34%-57% of the variance in ADHD prevalence, with high SI having an apparent preventative effect. Controlling for low birth weight, infant mortality, average income (socioeconomic status), latitude, and other relevant factors did not change these findings. Furthermore, these findings were specific to ADHD, not found for the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders or major depressive disorder.Conclusions: In this study we found a lower prevalence of ADHD in areas with high SI for both U.S. and non-U.S. data. This association has not been reported before in the literature. The preventative effect of high SI might be related to an improvement of circadian clock disturbances, which have recently been associated with ADHD. These findings likely apply to a substantial subgroup of ADHD patients and have major implications in our understanding of the etiology and possibly prevention of ADHD by medical professionals, schools, parents, and manufacturers of mobile devices.