EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION IN A NATURAL-POPULATION
EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION IN A NATURAL-POPULATION
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DOI：
10.1038/346357a0
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发表时间：
1990-07-26
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
ENDLER, JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
REZNICK, DA;BRYGA, H;ENDLER, JA
生活史理论预测，降低的成虫存活率将选择更早的成熟和更多的繁殖努力；反之，幼鱼存活率降低将选择相反的1#150；5。这得到了实验室研究和自然种群比较数据的支持。实验室研究可能支持一种理论，但不能评估其在自然种群中的重要性，比较研究揭示的是相关性，而不是因果关系。对自然种群进行的长期扰动实验解决了这两个问题。在这里，我们报告了一项对孔雀鱼（Poecilia reticulata）长期研究的发现，其中支持了生活史理论的预测。孔雀鱼种群之间的生活史差异与它们生活的捕食者物种密切相关13,17 - 21。捕食者显然改变了特定年龄的生存，因为它们在选择猎物时具有特定的体型。大丽鱼（慈鲷），是某一类地区的主要捕食者，主要捕食性成熟的大型孔雀鱼22 - 24。河豚（一种鳉鱼），另一类地方的主要捕食者，主要捕食小的，未成熟的体型。在较早的年龄就有幼鳞发育的孔雀鱼，比那些有幼鳞发育的孔雀鱼有更高的繁殖努力，并且每窝的后代更多和更小。这些差异是可遗传的，并且与理论预测相一致。为了证明这种模式是由捕食引起的，我们通过将捕食成年孔雀鱼的行为改变为捕食幼年孔雀鱼的行为，从而扰乱了一个自然种群。这导致了11年后，也就是30-60代之后，显著的生活史进化朝着预期的方向发展。
LIFE-HISTORY theory predicts that reduced adult survival will select for earlier maturation and increased reproductive effort; conversely, reduced juvenile survival will select the opposite1#150;5. This is supported by laboratory studies6–10and comparative data from natural populations11–15. Laboratory studies may support a theory, but cannot assess its importance in natural populations, and comparative studies reveal correlations, not causation16. Long-term perturbation experiments on natural populations resolve both problems. Here we report the findings of a long-term study of guppies (Poecilia reticulata), in which the predictions of life-history theory are supported. Life-history differences among populations of guppies are closely associated with predator species with which guppies live13,17–21. The predators apparently alter age-specific survival because they are size-specific in their choice of prey21–23.Crenicichla alta(a cichlid), the main predator at one class of localities, preys predominantly on large, sexually mature size classes of guppies22–24.Rivulus hartii(a killifish), the main predator at another class of localities, preys predominantly on small, immature size classes. Guppies from localities withCrenicichlamature at an earlier age, have higher reproductive effort, and have more and smaller offspring per brood than those from localities with justRivulus. These differences are heritable, and correspond with theoretical predictions17–19. To prove that predation caused this pattern, we perturbed a natural population of guppies by changing predation against adults to predation against juveniles. This resulted in significant life-history evolution in the predicted direction after 11 years, or 30–60 generations.