Behavioral effects of hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones, neurotensin, substance P and other neuropeptides.
Behavioral effects of hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones, neurotensin, substance P and other neuropeptides.
复制标题
下丘脑促生理激素、神经降压素、P 物质和其他神经肽的行为影响。
DOI：
10.1016/0163-7258(84)90027-5
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发表时间：
1984
影响因子：
13.5
通讯作者：
PrangeJr,AJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nemeroff,CB;Kalivas,PW;Golden,RN;PrangeJr,AJ
在过去的30年中，从哺乳动物神经组织中提取的肽的分离和表征自然导致了对其功能作用的研究。利用电生理学、解剖学、神经化学和行为学方法的多学科方法提供了证据，证明这些肽存在于神经元中，并作为神经递质或神经调节剂（Snyder, 1980； Krieger和Martin， 1982a, b）。它们可能像某些其他物质一样，既起中枢作用，也起外围作用。例如，当肾上腺素从肾上腺髓质释放出来时，它是传统意义上的激素；在中枢神经系统（CNS）中，它似乎是一种神经递质。通过脑室内、脑室内或脑内途径给药这些肽是为了模拟它们在突触间隙的细胞外空间的浓度。虽然这些研究在方法学上受到批评（Nemeroff和Prange， 1982），但这些方法已经揭示了关于多肽在特定中枢神经系统位点的作用的许多信息。其他实验关注的是全身注射多肽后的生理和行为改变；这些都与肽酶对给药肽的快速降解和外周给药肽通过血脑屏障的有限进入相混淆（Oldendorf, 1982）。重要的是要认识到，肠外注射肽可以通过施加外周（而不是中枢）介导的作用（例如对自主神经系统或血管平滑肌的作用）产生行为和/或生理改变。本文综述了下丘脑促垂体激素、促甲状腺激素释放激素（TRH）、促黑素细胞激素释放抑制因子（MIF）、促黄体生成素释放激素（LHRH）、生长抑素（SRIF）和促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子以及神经紧张素、P物质和bombesin的药物-行为作用。最近发现哺乳动物中枢神经系统中存在多种其他肽，包括胆囊收缩素、阿片肽（如内啡肽、啡肽、脑啡肽）、胰岛素、降钙素、缓激肽、胃泌素、肌肽、睡眠诱导肽、催产素、加压素、胰高血糖素、血管紧张素II和血管活性肠肽。对这些肽的定位、推测功能和作用进行了综述（Prange et al., 1978; Nemeroff and Prange, 1978）；篇幅所限，不允许将其列入本讨论。值得注意的是，最近许多实验室证实，中枢神经系统中存在垂体腺激素。因此，免疫反应性TSH， GH， ACTH和
The isolation and characterization of a host of peptides extracted from mammalian nervous tissue in the past 30 years has naturally led to study of their functional roles. Multidisciplinary approaches utilizing electrophysiological, anatomical, neurochemical and behavioral methods have provided evidence that these peptides are present in neurons and act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators (Snyder, 1980; Krieger and Martin, 1982a, b). They may, like certain other substances, serve both a central and peripheral function. For example, when epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla, it is a hormone in the traditional sense; in the central nervous system (CNS) it appears to function as a neurotransmitter. Administration of these peptides by intraventricular, intracisternal, or intracerebral routes is an attempt to mimic their concentration in the extracellular space at the synaptic cleft. While such studies have been criticized on methodological grounds (Nemeroff and Prange, 1982), these methods have revealed much information about the effects of peptides at specific CNS loci. Other experiments have focused on physiological and behavioral alterations after systemically administered peptides; these are confounded by rapid degradation of the administered peptide by peptidases and the limited entry of peripherally administered peptide across the blood-brain barrier (Oldendorf, 1982). It is important to recognize that parenterally administered peptides can produce behavioral and/or physiological alterations by exerting peripherally (and not centrally) mediated effects (eg actions on the autonomic nervous system or on vascular smooth muscle).In this article we review the pharmaco-behavioral effects of the hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), melanocyte stimulating hormone-releasing-inhibiting factor (MIF), luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), somatostatin (SRIF) and corticotropin-releasing factor, as well as, neurotensin, substance P and bombesin. A variety of other peptides have been recently found to be present in the mammalian CNS including cholecystokinin, the opioid peptides (eg fl-endorphin, dynorphin, the enkephalins), insulin, calcitonin, bradykinin, gastrin, carnosine, delta sleep-inducing peptide, oxytocin, vasopressin, glucagon, angiotensin II and vasoactive intestinal peptide. The localization, putative function and effects of these peptides have been reviewed (Prange et al., 1978; Nemeroff and Prange, 1978); space limitations do not permit their inclusion in the present discussion. It is important to note the recent findings, now confirmed in many laboratories, of the presence of the adenohypophyseal hormones in the CNS. Thus, immunoreactive TSH, GH, ACTH and