Is Ocean Acidification an Open-Ocean Syndrome? Understanding Anthropogenic Impacts on Seawater pH
Is Ocean Acidification an Open-Ocean Syndrome? Understanding Anthropogenic Impacts on Seawater pH
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DOI：
10.1007/s12237-013-9594-3
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发表时间：
2013-03-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
McCulloch, Malcolm
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Duarte, Carlos M.;Hendriks, Iris E.;McCulloch, Malcolm
人为二氧化碳排放造成的海洋酸化是造成公海pH值长期变化的主要驱动因素，这引起了人们对钙化生物未来的担忧，其中许多钙化生物存在于沿海生境。然而，沿海生态系统pH值的变化是由多种驱动因素造成的，包括流域过程、养分投入以及生态系统结构和新陈代谢的变化的影响。人为二氧化碳排放造成的海洋酸化与沿海生态系统动态的区域至地方驱动因素之间的相互作用导致了对沿海水域酸碱度的复杂调节。例如，分水岭的变化可导致碱度和二氧化碳通量的变化，与新陈代谢过程和海洋动力学一起，导致沿海pH值出现高达0.5个单位的大的年代际变化。新陈代谢导致pH强烈的昼夜到季节性波动，特征范围为0.3个pH单位，代谢强烈的栖息地每天超过这一范围。对pH值的强烈变化和多重、复杂的控制意味着，人为二氧化碳排放造成的海洋酸化的概念不能直接适用于沿海生态系统。此外，在沿海生态系统中，检测酸化趋势并不是微不足道的，将这些变化归因于人为二氧化碳排放甚至更成问题。沿海生态系统可能出现酸化或碱化，这取决于人为二氧化碳入侵沿海水域、流域输出碱度、有机质和二氧化碳之间的平衡，以及初级生产、呼吸和钙化速率之间的平衡变化，以应对养分输入的变化和生态系统组成部分的损失。因此，我们认为，人为二氧化碳引起的海洋酸化在很大程度上是一种开阔海洋综合症，人为影响海洋pH的概念适用于整个海洋，从沿海环境到开阔海洋环境，提供了一个更好的框架来考虑海洋pH轨迹人为扰动的多个组成部分。人类活动对海水酸碱度的影响这一概念承认，有必要以区域为重点来预测沿海水域未来的酸碱度轨迹，并指出在当地管理这些轨迹的机会，以保护易受海洋酸化影响的沿海生物。
Ocean acidification due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions is a dominant driver of long-term changes in pH in the open ocean, raising concern for the future of calcifying organisms, many of which are present in coastal habitats. However, changes in pH in coastal ecosystems result from a multitude of drivers, including impacts from watershed processes, nutrient inputs, and changes in ecosystem structure and metabolism. Interaction between ocean acidification due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions and the dynamic regional to local drivers of coastal ecosystems have resulted in complex regulation of pH in coastal waters. Changes in the watershed can, for example, lead to changes in alkalinity and CO2 fluxes that, together with metabolic processes and oceanic dynamics, yield high-magnitude decadal changes of up to 0.5 units in coastal pH. Metabolism results in strong diel to seasonal fluctuations in pH, with characteristic ranges of 0.3 pH units, with metabolically intense habitats exceeding this range on a daily basis. The intense variability and multiple, complex controls on pH implies that the concept of ocean acidification due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions cannot be transposed to coastal ecosystems directly. Furthermore, in coastal ecosystems, the detection of trends towards acidification is not trivial and the attribution of these changes to anthropogenic CO2 emissions is even more problematic. Coastal ecosystems may show acidification or basification, depending on the balance between the invasion of coastal waters by anthropogenic CO2, watershed export of alkalinity, organic matter and CO2, and changes in the balance between primary production, respiration and calcification rates in response to changes in nutrient inputs and losses of ecosystem components. Hence, we contend that ocean acidification from anthropogenic CO2 is largely an open-ocean syndrome and that a concept of anthropogenic impacts on marine pH, which is applicable across the entire ocean, from coastal to open-ocean environments, provides a superior framework to consider the multiple components of the anthropogenic perturbation of marine pH trajectories. The concept of anthropogenic impacts on seawater pH acknowledges that a regional focus is necessary to predict future trajectories in the pH of coastal waters and points at opportunities to manage these trajectories locally to conserve coastal organisms vulnerable to ocean acidification.