The Shifting Architecture of Cognition and Brain Function in Older Adulthood
The Shifting Architecture of Cognition and Brain Function in Older Adulthood
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DOI：
10.1177/1745691619827511
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发表时间：
2019-03
影响因子：
12.6
通讯作者：
R. N. Spreng;G. Turner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. N. Spreng;G. Turner
认知衰老通常被描述为丧失或衰退。新兴研究表明，情况更为复杂，老年人的认知能力既有下降，也有增强。随着年龄的增长，在对自己和世界的具体知识获得增加的背景下，控制性或流动性认知能力会下降。这种认知能力的倒置，从年轻时对流动能力的更多依赖，到老年时日益结晶或语义化的认知，对以后生活中的认知和现实世界功能具有深远的影响。认知结构的转变与大脑功能网络结构的变化并行。观察到与认知控制有关的外侧前额叶大脑区域和与记忆和语义处理有关的默认网络之间存在更大的功能连接，使我们提出了衰老的默认执行耦合假设。在这篇综述中，我们提供的证据表明，大脑功能结构的这些变化是认知结构从年轻期向老年期转变的神经机制。我们整合了认知衰老和认知神经科学的研究结果，提出了认知和大脑衰老的综合模型，描述了其前因、决定因素以及对现实世界功能的影响。
Cognitive aging is often described in the context of loss or decline. Emerging research suggests that the story is more complex, with older adults showing both losses and gains in cognitive ability. With increasing age, declines in controlled, or fluid, cognition occur in the context of gains in crystallized knowledge of oneself and the world. This inversion in cognitive capacities, from greater reliance on fluid abilities in young adulthood to increasingly crystallized or semanticized cognition in older adulthood, has profound implications for cognitive and real-world functioning in later life. The shift in cognitive architecture parallels changes in the functional network architecture of the brain. Observations of greater functional connectivity between lateral prefrontal brain regions, implicated in cognitive control, and the default network, implicated in memory and semantic processing, led us to propose the default-executive coupling hypothesis of aging. In this review we provide evidence that these changes in the functional architecture of the brain serve as a neural mechanism underlying the shifting cognitive architecture from younger to older adulthood. We incorporate findings spanning cognitive aging and cognitive neuroscience to present an integrative model of cognitive and brain aging, describing its antecedents, determinants, and implications for real-world functioning.