From the Selectedworks of Marcel Adam Just Working Memory and Executive Function: Evidence from Neuroimaging Classic Issues Neuroimaging Results Working Memory and Executive Function: Evidence from Neuroimaging Reconstruals Suggested by the Neuroimaging Data Collaboration and Redundancy
From the Selectedworks of Marcel Adam Just Working Memory and Executive Function: Evidence from Neuroimaging Classic Issues Neuroimaging Results Working Memory and Executive Function: Evidence from Neuroimaging Reconstruals Suggested by the Neuroimaging Data Collaboration and Redundancy
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P. Carpenter;M. Just;Erik D. Reichle
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作者：
P. Carpenter;M. Just;Erik D. Reichle
195 .关于工作记忆和执行功能的传统理论，当以直接的方式映射到神经领域时，得出的预测只能部分得到最近神经成像研究的支持。神经影像学研究表明，一些组成功能，如保持活跃形式的信息和操纵信息，并不是分散地定位于前额叶区域。一些假设的执行过程，如目标管理，在几个皮质区域有影响，包括后脑区。这些结果表明，对工作记忆和执行功能的皮层组织有一个更动态和分布的看法。缩写BA Brodmann’s area DLPFC背侧PFC fMRI功能磁共振成像PET正电子发射断层扫描PFC前额叶皮质SPECT单光子发射计算机断层扫描介绍执行过程和工作记忆已被证明是认知神经影像学研究的一个富有成效的试验台。执行过程涉及复杂的认知，例如解决新问题，这需要识别和协调实现新目标的步骤，评估中间结果，并根据需要修改计划。执行过程还与任务集控制有关，根据环境的变化适当地修改行为，例如抑制优势或先前的反应。执行过程也与由于额叶损伤而受损的功能有关，特别是那些与组织行为的模式的实施有关的功能[1,2]。工作记忆主要被认为是在相对较短的时间内保持信息可用的过程和结构，例如假设的语言和空间外围缓冲[3,4•]。在这个标准的视角中，执行进程操作工作内存缓冲区的内容。在本文的第一部分中，我们描述了功能性神经成像的最新进展是如何根据有关工作记忆和执行过程的组织的一些经典问题来构建的。在第二部分中，我们研究了这些相同的神经影像学结果如何表明经典问题可能被重新解释，然后提出了这些替代假设的一些可能的含义。也许关于执行过程的主要理论问题是前额皮质（PFC）的离散区域（模块）是否专门用于特定的操作，如果是，这些过程的表征，包括它们的域特异性[5•••]。例如，Owen、Petrides和他们的同事[6,7]提出腹外侧中区（Brodmann's area [BA] 45/47）支持基于从后端获取的信息组织响应序列。
195 Traditional theories of working memory and executive function, when mapped in straightforward ways into the neural domain, yield predictions that are only partly supported by the recent neuroimaging studies. Neuroimaging studies suggest that some constituent functions, such as maintaining information in active form and manipulating it, are not discretely localized in prefrontal regions. Some hypothesized executive processes, such as goal management, have effects in several cortical regions, including posterior regions. Such results suggest a more dynamic and distributed view of the cortical organization of working memory and executive functions. Abbreviations BA Brodmann's area DLPFC dorsolateral PFC fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging PET positron emission tomography PFC prefrontal cortex SPECT single photon emission computed tomography Introduction Executive processes and working memory have proven to be a fruitful test bed for neuroimaging studies of cognition. Executive processes are implicated in complex cognition, such as novel problem solving, which entails identifying and coordinating the steps to a new goal, evaluating the intermediate outcome, and modifying the plan as needed. Executive processes are also associated with task-set control , modifying behavior as appropriate in light of changes in the environment, such as inhibiting prepotent or previous responses. Executive processes are also associated with the functions that are impaired as a consequence of frontal lesions, particularly those related to the implementation of schemas that organize behavior over time [1,2]. Working memory has been operationalized primarily as the processes and structures that keep information available over a relatively short time, such as postulated verbal and spatial peripheral buffers [3,4 • ]. In this standard perspective, executive processes manipulate the contents of the working memory buffers. In the first part of this article, we describe how recent advances in functional neuroimaging have been framed in light of some classic questions about the organization of working memory and executive processes. In the second part, we examine how these same neuroimaging results suggest that the classic questions might be reconstrued, and then suggest some possible implications of these alternative hypotheses. Perhaps the major theoretical issue concerning executive processes is whether discrete regions (modules) of the pre-frontal cortex (PFC) are dedicated to particular operations and, if so, the characterization of those processes, including their domain specificity [5 • • ]. For example, Owen, Petrides and their colleagues [6,7] proposed that the mid-ventrolateral region (Brodmann's area [BA] 45/47) supports the organization of response sequences based on information retrieved from posterior …