To Cut a Long Story Short: Formal Chronological Modelling for the Late Neolithic Site of Ness of Brodgar, Orkney
To Cut a Long Story Short: Formal Chronological Modelling for the Late Neolithic Site of Ness of Brodgar, Orkney
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DOI：
10.1017/eaa.2016.29
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发表时间：
2018-05-01
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
Whittle, Alasdair
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Card, Nick;Mainland, Ingrid;Whittle, Alasdair
在有关奥克尼群岛新石器时代晚期的性质和发展尚未解答的问题的背景下，我们总结了截至 2015 年对奥克尼群岛布罗德加内斯主要遗址的研究，重点关注令人印象深刻的建筑。寻找足够的放射性碳测年样本是一项相当大的挑战。从特征和发现中都可以看出，该活动的年代早于目前挖掘出的主要建筑群。提供了三十九个样本的四十六个日期，并在正式的时间顺序框架中进行了解释。提出了两个模型，反映了序列的不同可能读数。两者都表明，公元前 30 世纪已经使用了柱式建筑，而巨大的 10 号结构（不是序列中的第一座建筑）也存在于公元前 30 世纪。与柱式建筑相关的活动在公元前 2800 年左右结束（模型 2）。随后是泥土和碎石填充。经过一段相当长的时间间隔后，10 号结构中心的壁炉最后一次使用是在公元前 2500 年左右，这可能是这个废弃地点唯一的活动。大约 400 头或更多牛的遗骸沉积在结构 10 的废墟上：在模型 2 中，发生在公元前 25 世纪中叶，但在模型 1 中，发生在公元前 24 世纪末或 23 世纪。这些年表可以与近邻的巴恩豪斯（Barnhouse）进行比较，该建筑的使用时间为公元前三十世纪后期至二十世纪初期，以及斯滕内斯巨石阵（Stones of Stenness），可能建于公元前三十世纪。尼斯河，包括 10 号结构，似乎比巴恩豪斯更长寿，但其原始形态可能没有像之前想象的那么长久。尼斯河的衰败和退役可能与它周围的神圣景观的进一步发展同时发生。但迫切需要周围景观中其他地点的精确年表。沉积在 10 号结构上方的数百头牛的壮观盛宴遗骸可能属于一个正在发生根本变化的世界，与烧杯在全国范围内的出现（在模型 2 中）一致，但到目前为止，可以说正是该建筑的神话地位吸引了人们回到它。
In the context of unanswered questions about the nature and development of the Late Neolithic in Orkney, we present a summary of research up to 2015 on the major site at the Ness of Brodgar, Mainland Orkney, concentrating on the impressive buildings. Finding sufficient samples for radiocarbon dating was a considerable challenge. There are indications, from both features and finds, of activity pre-dating the main set of buildings exposed so far by excavation. Forty-six dates on thirty-nine samples are presented and are interpreted in a formal chronological framework. Two models are presented, reflecting different possible readings of the sequence. Both indicate that piered architecture was in use by the thirtieth century cal bc and that the massive Structure 10, not the first building in the sequence, was also in existence by the thirtieth century cal bc. Activity associated with piered architecture came to an end (in Model 2) around 2800 cal BC. Midden and rubble infill followed. After an appreciable interval, the hearth at the centre of Structure 10 was last used around 2500 cal BC, perhaps the only activity in an otherwise abandoned site. The remains of some 400 or more cattle were deposited over the ruins of Structure 10: in Model 2, in the mid-twenty-fifth century cal bc, but in Model 1 in the late twenty-fourth or twenty-third century cal bc. The chronologies invite comparison with the near-neighbour of Barnhouse, in use from the later thirty-second to the earlier twenty-ninth century cal bc, and the Stones of Stenness, probably erected by the thirtieth century cal bc. The Ness, including Structure 10, appears to have outlasted Barnhouse, but probably did not endure as long in its primary form as previously envisaged. The decay and decommissioning of the Ness may have coincided with the further development of the sacred landscape around it; but precise chronologies for other sites in the surrounding landscape are urgently required. The spectacular feasting remains of several hundred cattle deposited above Structure 10 may belong to a radically changing world, coinciding (in Model 2) with the appearance of Beakers nationally, but it was arguably the, by now, mythic status of that building which drew people back to it.