Outline of a Theory of Human Rights
Outline of a Theory of Human Rights
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人权理论概要
DOI：
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发表时间：
1993
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
B. Turner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Turner
虽然公民权的研究是当代社会学的一个重要发展，但权利的本质却在很大程度上被忽视了。对人权的分析给社会学提出了一个问题，其中文化相对主义和事实-价值区分在很大程度上破坏了权利话语的自然法基础的经典传统。这种对普遍权利观念的批评在马克思、涂尔干和韦伯的著作中非常突出。然而，民族国家组织的最新发展、政治问题的全球化、家庭生活的转变以及与人类生殖有关的医疗技术的变化，都使人权问题成为社会和政治辩论的前沿。本文认为，权利社会学是重要的，因为有明显的局限性，公民身份的想法，这是基于一个民族国家的成员。现有的公民权概念需要权利理论的补充。有人认为，社会学可以根据人类脆弱性的概念，特别是身体的脆弱性，在社会机构的不稳定性的想法，并在道德同情的理论分析人权。这三种分析支持--本体论的脆弱性、社会的不稳定性和道德的同情--部分来自阿诺德·格伦的哲学人类学、乌尔里希·贝克的风险社会概念和马克斯·舍勒的同情现象学。脆弱是人类的普遍状况，社会制度的危险性和不稳定性加剧了这种状况。保护人类不受这种本体论不确定性影响的权利制度可以遏制或改善人类的脆弱性。从社会学的角度来看，权利是对制度化保护的社会诉求。然而，正是由于对他人困境的集体同情，才产生了支持权利制度的道德共同体。本论文不仅提供了一个社会学版本的传统观念的自然或不可剥夺的权利，但也试图提供一个社会学的替代启蒙理论的社会契约和个人权利。
Although the study of citizenship has been an important development in contemporary sociology, the nature of rights has been largely ignored. The analysis of human rights presents a problem for sociology, in which cultural relativism and the fact-value distinction have largely destroyed the classical tradition of the natural-law basis for rights discourse. This critique of the idea of universal rights was prominent in the work of Marx, Durkheim and Weber. However, recent developments in the organisation of nation states, the globalisation of political issues, the transformation of family life, and changes in medical technology in relation to human reproduction have brought the question of human rights to the forefront of social and political debate. The paper argues that a sociology of rights is important, because there are obvious limitations to the idea of citizenship, which is based on membership of a nation state. Existing conceptualisations of citizenship require the supplement of rights theory. It is argued that sociology can ground the analysis of human rights in a concept of human frailty, especially the vulnerability of the body, in the idea of the precariousness of social institutions, and in a theory of moral sympathy. These three analytical supports - ontological frailty, social precariousness, and moral sympathy - are partly derived from the philosophical anthropology of Arnold Gehlen, from Ulrich Beck's concept of the risk society, and Max Scheler's phenomenology of sympathy. Emodied frailty is a human universal condition, which is compounded by the risky and precarious nature of social institutions. Human vulnerability can be contained or ameliorated by the institution of rights which protect human beings from this ontological uncertainty. From a sociological perspective, rights are social claims for institutionalised protection. However, it is because of collective sympathy for the plight of others that moral communities are created which support the institution of rights. This thesis not only offers a sociological version of traditional notions of natural or inalienable rights, but also attempts to provide a sociological alternative to enlightenment theories of social contract and individual rights.