GPS-identified vulnerabilities of savannah-woodland primates to leopard predation and their implications for early hominins
GPS-identified vulnerabilities of savannah-woodland primates to leopard predation and their implications for early hominins
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.02.003
复制
发表时间：
2018-05-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Crofoot, Margaret C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Isbell, Lynne A.;Bidner, Laura R.;Crofoot, Margaret C.
捕食被认为是灵长类进化中的一个关键选择压力，特别是在热带草原-林地栖息地，那里生活着几个早期的原始人物种。然而，捕食者-灵长类猎物之间的关系仍然知之甚少，因为人类的存在经常阻止捕食者，限制了我们量化捕食影响的能力。在肯尼亚进行的一项为期14个月的研究期间，对豹子(Panthera Pardus)、弗韦特(ChlorOcean Bus Pygerythus)和橄榄狒狒(Papio Anubis)进行的同步高分辨率跟踪显示，更容易受到豹子捕食的可能性与更高的偶遇率、更小的身体规模、更小的群体规模或更远的避难所无关，这与长期的推断相反。取而代之的是，遭遇的开始、速度、时间和持续时间、接近的结果和捕食事件只显示出不同脆弱性的饮食模式。在没有人类观察者的情况下，马鞭草在白天更容易受到攻击，而狒狒在晚上更容易受到攻击，但总的来说，这两个物种都不比另一个物种更容易受到攻击。我们的研究结果显示，豹子白天躲避狒狒，晚上捕猎它们，我们认为同样的模式也适用于人族，因为它们甚至比狒狒和两足动物更大，导致白天在地面上具有类似的进攻能力，但晚上在树上的敏捷性更差，特别是当它们成为忠诚的两足动物时。根据原始人的行为以及古生物和人种学的证据，我们推测，在地面上睡觉的原始人最初是通过使用石器将相思树的树枝改造成夜间避难所，从而应对这种可怕的威胁的。无论相思树生长在哪里，人类都有能力在地面上建立自己的夜间避难所。这将使它们的分布范围更广，这是推动人类在非洲乃至更远地区传播的关键一步。(C)2018爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
Predation is thought to have been a key selection pressure in primate evolution, especially in the savannah-woodland habitats where several early hominin species lived. However, predator-primate prey relationships are still poorly understood because human presence often deters predators, limiting our ability to quantify the impact of predation. Synchronized high-resolution tracking of leopards (Panthera pardus), vervets (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), and olive baboons (Papio anubis) during a 14-month study in Kenya revealed that increased vulnerability to leopard predation was not associated with higher encounter rates, smaller body size, smaller group size, or greater distance from refuges, contrary to long-standing inferences. Instead, the initiation, rate, timing, and duration of encounters, outcome of approaches, and predation events showed only a diet pattern of differential vulnerability. In the absence of human observers, vervets were more vulnerable during the day, whereas baboons were more vulnerable at night, but overall neither species was more vulnerable than the other. As our results show that leopards avoided baboons during the day and hunted them at night, we suggest that the same pattern would have applied to hominins because they were even larger than baboons and bipedal, resulting in similarly offensive capability on the ground during the day but poorer agility in the trees at night, especially as they became committed bipeds. Drawing from hominid behavior and archae-opaleontological and ethnographic evidence, we hypothesize that ground-sleeping hominins initially dealt with this formidable threat by using stone tools to modify Acacia branches into 'bomas', thorny enclosures that provided nighttime shelter. The ability of hominins to create their own nightly refuges on the ground wherever Acacia spp. were available would have allowed them to range more widely, a crucial step in furthering the spread of hominins across Africa and beyond. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.