Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
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DOI：
10.1007/s11095-012-0736-2
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发表时间：
2012-03
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
A. Pfeifer;Katrin Zimmermann;C. Plank
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Pfeifer;Katrin Zimmermann;C. Plank
磁性纳米颗粒（MNP）已经生产了几十年，并用于各种各样的技术应用。例子是广泛的铁磁流体密封的航空或汽车应用，数据存储设备的信息处理，或在生物医学领域的应用，其中一些是在这个主题的问题进行了讨论。最近发表了几篇关于MNP生物医学应用的综合综述（1-12）。在Medline中对主题MNP的简短搜索突出显示，在过去20年中，该领域的出版物数量呈指数级增长。这一领域的多样性大大增加，范围太广，无法在一个主题问题中全面涵盖。在目前的主题问题，研究论文和评论，提出了处理MNP在各种主要是生物医学应用。基于客座编辑的科学背景，这个主题问题的重点是磁性药物靶向，特别是磁性引导和增强核酸递送，也称为磁转染。在过去十年中，在这一特定领域取得了相当大的进展（10）。这一重点并不打算忽视与磁性粒子在其他生物医学应用，如细胞跟踪和定位，磁性细胞分离，成像和诊断，治疗诊断学，磁致动的细胞功能，交流磁场热疗等的巨大成就。然而，几篇论文集中在MNP的制备和成像/检测中隐含的化学和物理主题以及数学模型上，以更好地理解磁转染的物理学。这一主题问题提供了一个概述和更深入的了解选定的主题的快速发展领域的生物医学应用的MNP。生物学主题的手稿集中在病毒基因传递的增强以及使用磁场梯度引导MNP转导的细胞。Sapet等人和Anton等人使用MNP在静态以及流动条件下增强腺病毒转导和细胞分离。Chorny等人专注于基于聚乳酸的MNP的制剂和特征，以实现内皮细胞的快速MNP内化，也与MNP介导的腺病毒转导相结合。Wenzel等人和Trueck等人提出了用于增强慢病毒转导和转导的内皮细胞的局部细胞定位的MNP的最佳条件和组合。内皮细胞的MNP负载也是MacDonald等人的主要主题，他们对细胞摄取过程有更深入的了解。Mannell等人使用负载MNP的微泡，可以在磁场中被吸引。这样的微泡可以通过超声波破裂，这可以用于局部释放货物-在这种情况下，慢病毒耦合到MNP。Räthel等人提出了该领域的另一个应用，他们将抗再狭窄药物掺入磁性微泡中，并证明在施加磁场时药物递送到可磁化支架。这项技术可以用于用药物涂覆植入的支架。MNP辅助的基因转移不仅适用于心血管系统。Hasenpusch等人在本文中证明了2-3倍更高的药物积累和特异性药物代谢。
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been produced for decades and are used in a broad variety of technical applications. Examples are as widespread as ferrofluidic seals for aeronautic or automotive applications, data storage devices for information processing, or applications in the biomedical field, some of which are discussed in this theme issue. Several comprehensive reviews of biomedical applications of MNPs have been published recently (1–12). A brief search in Medline for the topic MNPs highlights that the number of publications in the field has increased exponentially throughout the past 20 years. The diversity of the field has grown considerably and represents too broad a scope to be covered comprehensively in one theme issue. In the current theme issue, research papers and reviews are presented that deal with MNPs in various—mostly biomedical—applications. Based on the scientific background of the guest editors, a focus of this theme issue is magnetic drug targeting, in particular magnetically guided and enhanced nucleic acid delivery, also known as magnetofection. Considerable progress in this particular field has been accomplished during the last decade (10). This focus is not intended to neglect the formidable achievements with magnetic particles in other biomedical applications, such as cell tracking and positioning, magnetic cell separation, imaging and diagnostics, theranostics, magnetic actuation of cellular functions, AC magnetic field hyperthermia, etc. Most contributions to this theme issue report on applications of magnetic particles as opposed to theoretical/physical considerations. However, several papers focus on chemical and physical topics implied in the preparation and imaging/detection of MNPs as well as on mathematical models to better understand the physics of magnetofection. This theme issue provides both an overview and deeper insight into selected topics of the rapidly evolving field of biomedical applications of MNPs. The manuscripts with biological topics focus on the enhancement of viral gene delivery as well as on the guiding of MNP-transduced cells using magnetic field gradients. Sapet et al. and Anton et al. use MNPs for enhancing adenoviral transduction and cell separation under static as well as under flow conditions. Chorny et al. focus on the formulation and characteristics of polylactide-based MNPs to achieve rapid MNP internalization of endothelial cells also in combination with MNP-mediated adenoviral transduction. Wenzel et al. and Trueck et al. present optimal conditions and combinations of MNPs for enhanced lentiviral transduction and local cell positioning of transduced endothelial cells. MNP loading of endothelial cells is also the major topic of MacDonald et al., who give further insights into the cellular uptake process. Mannell et al. use MNP-loaded microbubbles that can be attracted in a magnetic field. Such microbubbles can be ruptured by ultrasound, which can be used for the local release of the cargo—in this case, a lentivirus coupled to the MNPs. Another application in this field is presented by Räthel et al., who incorporate antirestenoic drugs in the magnetic microbubbles and demonstrate drug delivery to magnetizable stents upon magnetic field application. This technology could be useful for coating implanted stents with drugs. MNP-assisted gene transfer is not only applicable for the cardiovascular system. Hasenpusch et al. demonstrate herein a 2–3-fold higher drug accumulation and specific