Tariff rates in gravity
Tariff rates in gravity
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DOI：
10.1080/09638199.2023.2277779
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发表时间：
2023-11
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kazunobu Hayakawa;Taiyo Yoshimi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kazunobu Hayakawa;Taiyo Yoshimi
在研究关税税率在重力方程中的作用时，经常采用适用关税税率（即可获得的最低税率）。然而，并非所有出口商都使用最低的可用汇率，特别是在使用这些汇率产生一些成本的情况下。这意味着，在重力方程中只引入实际关税是不谨慎的。因此，本文讨论了在重力估计中如何处理关税变量。具体来说，它实证地表明，当有多个关税方案可用时，在任何一个方案中省略关税都会在估计中产生显著的偏差。当我们通过明确的变量或在适当水平上定义的固定效应（例如，进口商-产品-年固定效应）来控制其他关税时，应用关税是合理的。
In investigations on the role of tariff rates in the gravity equation, applied tariff rates (i.e., the lowest available rates) are often introduced. However, not all exporters use the lowest available rates, especially when some cost is incurred in using those rates. This implies that it is not prudent to introduce only the applied tariffs into the gravity equation. Accordingly, this study discusses how to deal with tariff variables in the gravity estimation. Specifically, it empirically demonstrates that when multiple tariff schemes are available, omitting tariffs in either scheme creates a remarkable bias in the estimates. When we control for other tariffs by explicit variables or fixed effects defined at an appropriate level (e.g., importer-product-year fixed effects), the use of applied tariffs can be justified.