Biodiversity in Agriculture: Evolution of Agroecosystems: Biodiversity, Origins, and Differential Development
Biodiversity in Agriculture: Evolution of Agroecosystems: Biodiversity, Origins, and Differential Development
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农业生物多样性：农业生态系统的演变：生物多样性、起源和差异发展
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9781139019514.005
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Harris
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Harris
回顾过去，世界农业系统的出现和建立可以看作是一个非常渐进的过程，在整个全新世，人类的食物越来越依赖于越来越少的农作物和家畜品种——以至于现在只有水稻、小麦和玉米这三种谷类作物提供了人类从植物性食物中获取的大部分能量。饮食范围的急剧减少大部分发生在二十世纪，它掩盖了生物学、考古学和民族历史证据所揭示的 12,000 年动植物驯化、传播、收养和交换的历史。近年来，新的遗传学、生物考古学和年代测定技术越来越多地应用于农业起源的研究中。特别是对植物和动物驯化的研究出现了热潮（Zeder 等，2006）。与此同时，在以前在寻找农业起源时基本上被忽视的地区，如南亚部分地区、热带非洲、北美东部和安第斯山脉以东的南美洲低地，获得了许多关于早期作物和家畜的新考古证据（例如，Piperno和Pearsall 1998，Neumann 2003，Fuller 2006，Smith 2006a，b）。现在很清楚，几乎所有耕地最终建立农业生产系统的过程比以前想象的更加多样化和复杂，而且我们对导致农业出现、发展和全球传播的不同轨迹的了解仍然存在很大差距。更好地了解这些轨迹的一种方法是检查有多少所谓的狩猎采集者通过干预他们赖以生存的植物和动物的生命周期来增加他们的食物供应。
The emergence and establishment of the world's agricultural systems can be seen in retrospect as a very gradual process in which, through the Holocene, humanity became more and more dependent for food on fewer and fewer species of crops and domestic animals – to the extent that now just three cereal crops, rice, wheat, and maize, provide most of the energy humans derive from plant foods. Much of this dramatic reduction in diet breadth occurred in the twentieth century, and it conceals a 12,000-year history of plant and animal domestications, dispersals, adoptions, and exchanges revealed by biological, archaeological, and ethnohistorical evidence. In recent years new genetic, bioarchaeological, and dating techniques have increasingly been used in investigations of the beginnings of agriculture; in particular there has been an upsurge of research on plant and animal domestication (Zeder et al . 2006). At the same time much new archaeological evidence has been acquired of early crops and domestic animals in regions previously largely disregarded in the search for agricultural origins, such as parts of South Asia, tropical Africa, eastern North America and lowland South America east of the Andes (e.g., Piperno and Pearsall 1998, Neumann 2003, Fuller 2006, Smith 2006a,b). It is now clear that the processes by which systems of agricultural production eventually became established in almost all cultivable areas were more varied and complex than previously assumed, and there are still great gaps in our knowledge of the diverse trajectories that led to the emergence, development and worldwide spread of agriculture. One approach to a better understanding of those trajectories is to examine how many so-called hunter–gatherers enhanced their food supplies by intervening in the life cycles of the plants and animals on which they depended.