Host-microbe interactions: the response of fungal and oomycete pathogens to the host environment.
Host-microbe interactions: the response of fungal and oomycete pathogens to the host environment.
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宿主-微生物相互作用：真菌和卵菌病原体对宿主环境的反应。
DOI：
10.1016/j.mib.2007.07.002
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发表时间：
2007
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Kronstad,JamesW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kronstad,JamesW
真菌和卵菌与植物和动物宿主的相互作用涉及特定的适应，允许病原体附着和穿透组织，重塑代谢能力以利用宿主营养，并处理宿主防御机制产生的压力。这些引人入胜的调整需要重大的重新编程事件，因为病原体从环境(具有自身的挑战)转移到宿主组织。今年关于真菌或卵菌与其宿主之间相互作用的六篇综述反映了我们对病原体对宿主环境的反应的发展中的几个新兴主题。这些主题包括证明基因组资源在发现和表征病原体特征方面的效用，这些特征在适应宿主环境方面具有关键作用。这些期待已久的真菌和卵菌病原体基因组资源的出现的好处显然是从基因组方法的无缝纳入每一次审查中清楚地看到的。特别是，转录组分析在确定病原体基因在感染过程中表达的广泛特征方面显示出巨大的希望。第二个主题扩展了对分泌蛋白对动植物真菌病原体的重要性的长期认识。近年来的惊人观察将分泌物的复杂程度提高到了一个新的水平，鉴定了来自植物病原体的蛋白质，这些蛋白质被转移到宿主细胞中。这项工作提出了这样一种可能性，即这些病原体不仅改变了细胞外宿主环境，而且还以可能有助于毒力或抑制宿主防御的方式操纵细胞内间隔。这些观察可能最终达到植物和动物的细菌病原体向宿主细胞输送效应蛋白的详细程度。其他主题涉及寄主环境中代谢重塑对养分获取和利用的重要性，以及新陈代谢、形态发生和对胁迫的反应之间的相互联系。从遗传和基因组方法中出现的机械性细节，为类似方法在广泛的真菌和卵菌物种中的应用提供了可能的爆炸性的注意。正如第一篇综述中所描述的，在感染过程中的基因表达分析方面，白色念珠菌可能已经成为人类最具特征的真菌病原体。早期的详细研究描述了在感染过程中发挥作用的特定因素，包括分泌的水解酶和粘附素，它们在宿主中以特定于小生境的方式表达。此外，作为感染过程组成部分的酵母-菌丝转换和相关的基因表达变化的相关性已经进行了大量的研究。Brown、Ods和Gow概述了评估感染期间白色念珠菌基因表达的方法，并描述了导致环境适应是否是致病性的主要关键这一问题的大量证据。对感染期间特定毒力因子的表达进行了详细的研究，包括分析
The interactions of fungi and oomycetes with plant and animal hosts involve specific adaptations that allow the pathogens to adhere to and penetrate tissue, to remodel metabolic capabilities to utilize host nutrients, and to deal with stresses generated by host defense mechanisms. These fascinating adjustments require major reprogramming events as the pathogens move from the environment (with its own challenges) to host tissue. This year’s collection of six reviews on the interactions between fungi or oomycetes and their hosts reflect several emerging themes in our developing view of pathogen response to the host environment. These themes include the demonstrated utility of genomic resources for the discovery and characterization of pathogen traits with key roles in adaptation to the host environment. The benefits of the long-awaited appearance of these genomic resources for fungal and oomycete pathogens are clearly apparent from the seamless inclusion of genomic approaches in each of the reviews. In particular, transcriptome analyses show great promise for defining the broad features of pathogen gene expression during infection. A second theme expands on the longstanding appreciation of the importance of secreted proteins for fungal pathogens of both animals and plants. Striking observations in recent years elevate secretion to a new level of sophistication with the identification of proteins from plant pathogens that are translocated into host cells. This work raises the possibility that these pathogens not only modify the extracellular host environment, but also manipulate the intracellular compartment in ways that may contribute to virulence or suppress host defense. These observations may ultimately reach the level of detail available for the effector proteins that are delivered into host cells by bacterial pathogens of plants and animals. Additional themes concern the importance of metabolic remodeling in the host environment for nutrient acquisition and utilization, and the interconnections between metabolism, morphogenesis, and the response to stress. Mechanistic details are appearing from genetic and genomic approaches, and provide notice for what promises to be an explosion in the application of similar approaches in a wide range of fungal and oomycete species.As described in the first review, Candida albicans has emerged as perhaps the best characterized fungal pathogen of humans in terms of the analysis of gene expression during infection. Earlier detailed studies characterized specific factors that play roles during infection including secreted hydrolases and adhesins that are expressed in a niche-specific fashion in the host. In addition, much effort has gone into characterizing the relevance of the yeast-hyphal transition and associated changes in gene expression as a component of the infection process. Brown, Odds and Gow present an overview of approaches to evaluate the expression of C. albicans genes during infection and describe the body of evidence that leads to the question of whether environmental adaptation is the main key to pathogenicity. The expression of specific sets of virulence factors during infection has been studied in detail including the analysis of