Energetic Cost of Foraging in Free‐Diving Emperor Penguins
Energetic Cost of Foraging in Free‐Diving Emperor Penguins
复制标题
自由潜水帝企鹅觅食的能量消耗
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2001
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
P. Ponganis
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
K. Nagy;G. Kooyman;P. Ponganis
假设帝企鹅(Aptenodytes Forsteri)在觅食时每天的能量消耗比人工喂养时更高，增加的能量消耗可能代表它们的觅食成本，我们测量了4天时间内10只企鹅在海冰下觅食或不允许潜水但用手喂鱼的野外代谢率(FMR；使用双重标记的水)。令人惊讶的是，企鹅俯冲并捕捉自己的食物时，能量消耗率并不比不觅食但得到食物的时候更高。对时间-活动和能量预算的分析表明，FMR大约
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$$1.7 imes mathm{bmr}，$$
结束企鹅躺在海冰上的12h d−1期间的基础代谢率。在剩下的12h d−1期间，我们称之为一天中的“觅食期”，这些鸟是警觉和活跃的(站立、梳毛、行走、自由潜水或人工喂养)，它们的fmr大约是
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$$4.1 imes mathm{bmr}，$$
结束{文档}。在被研究的8种企鹅中，这是迄今为止估计的最低觅食成本。计算的有氧潜水极限(ADLC)，由捕食期代谢率确定
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$$4.1 imes mathm{bmr}，$$
和已知的氧气储存，只有2.6分钟，这远远少于以前在类似条件下用潜水后乳酸分析测得的6分钟的ADL。这表明，根据企鹅在海上或觅食期间的代谢率来计算ADLC是不合适的。帝企鹅的觅食成本相对较低，这是它们每日总FMR相对较低的原因之一。
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$$2.9 imes mathm{bmr}，$$
结束{文档})。8种企鹅的FMR异速生长关系为kJ。
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$$mathm{d}，^{-1}=1,185$$
结束{文档}kg0.705。
Hypothesizing that emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) would have higher daily energy expenditures when foraging for their food than when being hand‐fed and that the increased expenditure could represent their foraging cost, we measured field metabolic rates (FMR; using doubly labeled water) over 4‐d periods when 10 penguins either foraged under sea ice or were not allowed to dive but were fed fish by hand. Surprisingly, penguins did not have higher rates of energy expenditure when they dove and captured their own food than when they did not forage but were given food. Analysis of time‐activity and energy budgets indicated that FMR was about
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$$1.7 imes mathrm{BMR},$$
end{document} (basal metabolic rate) during the 12 h d−1 that penguins were lying on sea ice. During the remaining 12 h d−1, which we termed their “foraging period” of the day, the birds were alert and active (standing, preening, walking, and either free diving or being hand‐fed), and their FMR was about
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$$4.1 imes mathrm{BMR},$$
end{document} . This is the lowest cost of foraging estimated to date among the eight penguin species studied. The calculated aerobic diving limit (ADLC), determined with the foraging period metabolic rate of
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$$4.1 imes mathrm{BMR},$$
end{document} and known O2 stores, was only 2.6 min, which is far less than the 6‐min ADL previously measured with postdive lactate analyses in emperors diving under similar conditions. This indicates that calculating ADLC from an at‐sea or foraging‐period metabolic rate in penguins is not appropriate. The relatively low foraging cost for emperor penguins contributes to their relatively low total daily FMR (
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$$2.9 imes mathrm{BMR},$$
end{document} ). The allometric relationship for FMR in eight penguin species, including the smallest and largest living representatives, is kJ
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$$mathrm{d},^{-1}=1,185$$
end{document} kg0.705.
帝企鹅在海冰下潜水的心率和游泳速度。
DOI：
10.1242/jeb.165.1.161
发表时间：
1992
期刊：
The Journal of experimental biology
影响因子：
--
作者：
Kooyman,GL;Ponganis,PJ;Castellini,MA;Ponganis,EP;Ponganis,KV;Thorson,PH;Eckert,SA;LeMaho,Y
通讯作者：
LeMaho,Y
分级游泳运动期间帝企鹅的耗氧量、心率和血浆乳酸水平。
DOI：
10.1242/jeb.195.1.199
发表时间：
1994
期刊：
The Journal of experimental biology
影响因子：
--
作者：
Kooyman,GL;Ponganis,PJ
通讯作者：
Ponganis,PJ