Whole-farm perspectives of nutrient flows in grassland agriculture
Whole-farm perspectives of nutrient flows in grassland agriculture
复制标题
草原农业养分流的全农场视角
DOI：
10.2135/cropsci2004.0523
复制
发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
M. Wachendorf
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Rotz;F. Taube;M. Russelle;J. Oenema;M. Sanderson;M. Wachendorf
草地农业是世界畜牧业生产和土地管理的重要产业。我们回顾了草地农业中养分循环的原理，讨论了草地农业系统研究的例子，并展示了整个农场模拟的实用性，以整合经济和环境的组成部分。在北方德国的Karkendamm实验农场和荷兰的De马克实验农场进行的全面研究量化了养分流动，并制定了减少草地耕作系统养分损失的创新战略。这项研究的重点是通过在种植系统中种植谷物和草地以及采用减少氮损失的粪肥处理技术来提高农场对粪肥养分的利用。虽然实验农场产生的信息并不总是直接适用于其他气候和土壤，但正在通过计算机模拟转移到其他地区。一个经过校准和验证的实验农场数据的整个农场模型正在被用来评估和改进其他地区商业农场的这些策略。对北方农田的模拟表明，在该地区的桑迪土壤上，玉米（Zea mays L.）青贮饲料可以与草地一起沿着使用，以增加农场的收益，同时保持或减少营养物损失到环境中。使用覆盖作物，低排放谷仓，有盖的粪肥储存，并将粪肥直接注入土壤，大大减少了这些农场的氮损失，但它们的使用给生产者带来了净成本。通过将实验农场数据与整个农场模拟相结合，可以对更具可持续性的草地生产系统进行成本效益的评估、改进并转移到商业生产中。
Grassland agriculture is an important industry for livestock production and land management throughout the world. We review the principles of nutrient cycling in grassland agriculture, discuss examples of grassland farming systems research, and demonstrate the usefulness of whole-farm simulation for integrating economic and environmental components. Comprehensive studies conducted at the Karkendamm experimental farm in northern Germany and the De Marke experimental farm in the Netherlands have quantified nutrient flows and developed innovative strategies to reduce nutrient losses in grassland farming systems. This research has focused on improving the utilization of manure nutrients on the farm by including grain crops in cropping systems with grassland and by incorporating manure handling techniques that reduce nitrogen losses. Although the information generated in experimental farms is not always directly applicable to other climates and soils, it is being transferred to other regions through computer simulation. A whole-farm model calibrated and verified with the experimental farm data is being used to evaluate and refine these strategies for commercial farms in other areas. Simulation of farms in northern Europe illustrate that on the sandy soils of this region, maize (Zea mays L.) silage can be used along with grasslands to increase farm profitability while maintaining or reducing nutrient loss to the environment. Use of cover crops, low emission barns, covered manure storages, and direct injection of manure into soil greatly reduces N losses from these farms, but their use creates a net cost to the producer. By integrating experimental farm data with whole-farm simulation, more sustainable grassland production systems can be cost-effectively evaluated, refined, and transferred to commercial production.