Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Swimming in Sewage Impacted Waters Using CrAssphage and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus in a Customizable Model
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Swimming in Sewage Impacted Waters Using CrAssphage and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus in a Customizable Model
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00468
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发表时间：
2019-10-01
影响因子：
10.9
通讯作者：
Bibby, Kyle
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Crank, Katherine;Petersen, Sarah;Bibby, Kyle
目前用于微生物水质管理的粪便指示菌是病毒的较差代表。由于人类肠道噬菌体（crAssphage）和食物病毒辣椒轻度斑驳病毒（PMMoV）在污水中含量高且与人类粪便有关，近年来人们提出了基于它们的水质指标。在这里，我们建立了一个模型，将被新鲜的、未经处理的生活污水污染的娱乐水中的气泡和PMMoV丰度与游泳者疾病的风险联系起来。该模型名为QMRAswim，可通过基于web的用户界面获得，并可推广到任何指标或病原体。由于接触未经处理的生活污水污染的水而预测的大多数疾病可归因于病毒，主要是诺如病毒。与每1000名游泳者30例疾病相关的平均囊泡菌和PMMoV浓度分别为4648 GC/100 mL和5054 GC/100 mL，约为其标准检测限的50倍。本研究重申了监测病毒水质对充分保护公众健康的重要性，提示了crasphhage和PMMoV在这一应用中的巨大潜力，并建立了将病毒指标丰度与病毒病原体引起的疾病概率联系起来的基础。
Fecal indicator bacteria currently employed for microbial water quality management are poor representatives of viruses. Viral water quality indicators have recently been proposed based on the human gut bacteriophage crAssphage and the food virus pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) due to their high abundance in sewage and association to human waste. Here, we develop a model relating crAssphage and PMMoV abundance to the risk of swimmer illness in a recreational water contaminated with fresh, untreated domestic sewage. This model, entitled QMRAswim, is available via a Web-based user interface and is generalizable to any indicator or pathogen. The majority of predicted illnesses from exposure to untreated domestic sewage-contaminated water were attributable to viruses, primarily norovirus. The mean crAssphage and PMMoV concentrations correlating with 30 illnesses per 1000 bathers were 4648 GC/100 mL and 5054 GC/100 mL, respectively, approximately 50 times their standard detection limit. This study reaffirms the importance of monitoring viral water quality to adequately protect public health, suggests the high potential of both crAssphage and PMMoV for this application, and establishes a basis to relate viral indicator abundance with probability of illness due to viral pathogens.