Preserving frugivorous birds in agro-ecosystems: lessons from Spanish olive orchards
Preserving frugivorous birds in agro-ecosystems: lessons from Spanish olive orchards
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保护农业生态系统中的食果鸟类：西班牙橄榄园的经验教训
DOI：
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Rey
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Rey
总结
1.食果鸟类是优先保护的对象。 他们正在经历自然生境向全世界农业生态系统的转变，有些人正在利用农业生产的肉质水果植物。然而，一些鸟类能够在农业景观中茁壮成长，而另一些则灭绝的机制却知之甚少。
2.这份手稿概述了橄榄园的鸟类食果性，橄榄园是地中海区域的主要农业生态系统之一，也是鸟类冬季的重要避难所。 假设地中海鸟类食果动物是预先适应橄榄园被用来考虑潜在的限制鸟类占领更广泛的农业生态系统。
3.农业做法和人工选择水果造成生境和景观简化，果园中的鸟类食物资源减少，从而对鸟类的饮食和身体状况以及鸟类的数量和多样性产生不利影响。 其中一些限制因素可以通过农业景观中的小树篱和灌木林的存在而部分克服。
4. 五个适应前特征决定了一种鸟类在橄榄园中的成功出现：（1）食果强度;（2）跟踪水果可用性变化的能力;（3）科普水果多样性低和食物不平衡的饮食可塑性;（4）应对过大水果的水果处理可塑性;（5）生态形态和觅食生态位条件增强了对生境简化的响应能力。
5.合成与应用。 管理措施有可能减轻栖息地简化对鸟类运动和饮食的限制。提出了两种相互关联的管理方法：通过树篱和森林残留物的出现增加景观和生境的多样性;通过减少农药的使用和促进树篱中水果的多样性来增加粮食供应。
Summary
1. Frugivorous birds are a priority for conservation. They are experiencing the transformation of natural habitats to agro-ecosystems worldwide and some are taking advantage of agricultural production of fleshy-fruited plants. However, the mechanisms through which some birds are able to thrive in agricultural landscapes while others become extinct are poorly known.
2. This manuscript provides an overview of avian frugivory in olive orchards, one of the principal agro-ecosystems in the Mediterranean region and an important winter refuge for birds. The hypothesis that Mediterranean avian frugivores are pre-adapted to olive orchards is used to consider potential constraints to bird occupation of wider agro-ecosystems.
3. Agricultural practices and artificial selection of fruit cause habitat and landscape simplification and reduction of bird food resources in orchards, with resulting negative effects on bird diet and body condition, as well as on bird abundance and diversity. Some of these constraints can be partially overcome by the presence of small hedgerows and copses in the agricultural landscape.
4. Five pre-adaptive features determine the successful occurrence of a bird species in olive orchards: (1) frugivorism intensity; (2) ability to track variation in fruit availability; (3) diet plasticity to cope with low fruit diversity and unbalanced food; (4) fruit handling plasticity to cope with oversized fruits; and (5) ecomorphology and foraging niche conditions which increase the ability to respond to habitat simplification.
5. Synthesis and applications. Management practices have the potential to alleviate the constraints that habitat simplification puts on bird movement and diet. Two inter-related approaches to management are proposed: increasing landscape and habitat diversity by the occurrence of hedgerows and forest remnants; and increasing food availability through reducing the use of pesticides and promoting fruit diversity in hedges.