The Effect of Immigration on Productivity: Evidence from Us States
The Effect of Immigration on Productivity: Evidence from Us States
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移民对生产力的影响：来自美国各州的证据
DOI：
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发表时间：
2012
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
G. Peri
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作者：
G. Peri
利用美国各州移民流入的巨大差异，我们分析了移民对各州就业、平均工作时间、物质资本积累以及最重要的全要素生产率及其技能偏向的影响。我们使用一个国家相对于墨西哥边境和主要入境口岸的位置，以及1960年前移民社区的存在作为手段。我们没有发现移民挤占了当地人的工作和工作时间的证据。与此同时，我们发现强有力的证据表明，它们一方面提高了全要素生产率，另一方面降低了资本密集度和生产技术的技能偏向。这些结果对于控制其他几个生产率决定因素是强有力的，这些因素可能会因地理位置而异，如研发支出、计算机采用、出口形式的国际竞争和行业构成。我们的结果表明，移民促进了有效的任务专业化，从而提高了全要素生产率，同时也促进了定向技术变革理论所预测的非技能偏向技术的采用。综合这些影响，美国一个州由于移民增加了1%的就业机会，导致该州每个工人的收入增加了0.5%。
Using the large variation in the inflow of immigrants across US states we analyze the impact of immigration on state employment, average hours worked, physical capital accumulation and, most importantly, total factor productivity and its skill bias. We use the location of a state relative to the Mexican border and to the main ports of entry, as well as the existence of communities of immigrants before 1960, as instruments. We find no evidence that immigrants crowded-out employment and hours worked by natives. At the same time we find robust evidence that they increased total factor productivity, on the one hand, while they decreased capital intensity and the skill-bias of production technologies, on the other. These results are robust to controlling for several other determinants of productivity that may vary with geography such as R&D spending, computer adoption, international competition in the form of exports and sector composition. Our results suggest that immigrants promoted efficient task specialization, thus increasing TFP and, at the same time, promoted the adoption of unskilled-biased technology as the theory of directed technologial change would predict. Combining these effects, an increase in employment in a US state of 1% due to immigrants produced an increase in income per worker of 0.5% in that state.