Evaluation of ice cloud representation in the ECMWF and UK Met Office models using CloudSat and CALIPSO data

Evaluation of ice cloud representation in the ECMWF and UK Met Office models using CloudSat and CALIPSO data
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使用 CloudSat 和 CALIPSO 数据评估 ECMWF 和英国气象局模型中的冰云表示

DOI:
10.1002/qj.882
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发表时间:
2011
影响因子:
8.9
通讯作者:
Delanoë J
Delanoë J
中科院分区:
地球科学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Delanoë J

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由于缺乏精确的观测和微物理过程的复杂性,在大气环流模式中的冰云表示仍然是一项具有挑战性的任务。在这篇文章中,我们评估了欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)和英国气象局数值天气预报模型的冰水含量(IWC)和冰云分数统计分布,利用CloudSat雷达和CALIPSO激光雷达之间的协同作用。利用2006年7月的最后三周,我们分析了全球冰云发生率作为温度和纬度的函数,并表明模型捕捉了主要的地理和温度相关分布,但高估了温度范围从-60 °C到-20 °C的热带地区和温度高于-20 °C的南极地区的冰云发生率,但低估了极低温度下冰云的出现。对不同温度下栅格箱平均IWC发生率的全球统计比较表明,IWC的平均值和范围均随温度升高而增加。在全球范围内,这些模型捕捉到了-60 °C至-5 °C温度范围内的大部分IWC变化,并再现了由于不同的气象状况而观察到的IWC分布的纬度依赖性。两个版本的ECMWF模型进行了评估。最近的业务版本与降水和混合相冰云的诊断表示未能代表IWC分布在−20 °C至0 °C范围内,但一个新的版本与液态水,冰和雪的预测变量更接近观测分布。模型与观测结果的比较为IWC在地球仪上的垂直分布提供了急需的分析,突出了模型再现大部分观测到的变化的能力以及需要进一步改进的不足之处。版权所有© 2011皇家气象学会和英国皇家气象局版权所有
Ice cloud representation in general circulation models remains a challenging task, due to the lack of accurate observations and the complexity of microphysical processes. In this article, we evaluate the ice water content (IWC) and ice cloud fraction statistical distributions from the numerical weather prediction models of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the UK Met Office, exploiting the synergy between the CloudSat radar and CALIPSO lidar. Using the last three weeks of July 2006, we analyse the global ice cloud occurrence as a function of temperature and latitude and show that the models capture the main geographical and temperature‐dependent distributions, but overestimate the ice cloud occurrence in the Tropics in the temperature range from −60 °C to −20 °C and in the Antarctic for temperatures higher than −20 °C, but underestimate ice cloud occurrence at very low temperatures. A global statistical comparison of the occurrence of grid‐box mean IWC at different temperatures shows that both the mean and range of IWC increases with increasing temperature. Globally, the models capture most of the IWC variability in the temperature range between −60 °C and −5 °C, and also reproduce the observed latitudinal dependencies in the IWC distribution due to different meteorological regimes. Two versions of the ECMWF model are assessed. The recent operational version with a diagnostic representation of precipitating snow and mixed‐phase ice cloud fails to represent the IWC distribution in the −20 °C to 0 °C range, but a new version with prognostic variables for liquid water, ice and snow is much closer to the observed distribution. The comparison of models and observations provides a much‐needed analysis of the vertical distribution of IWC across the globe, highlighting the ability of the models to reproduce much of the observed variability as well as the deficiencies where further improvements are required. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office
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