Impact of Hurricane Sandy on salt marshes of New jersey
Impact of Hurricane Sandy on salt marshes of New jersey
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ecss.2016.09.006
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发表时间：
2016-12
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
T. Elsey‐Quirk
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Elsey‐Quirk
飓风桑迪是有记录以来最大的大西洋飓风之一，于2012年10月29日以温带气旋的形式在新泽西州海岸登陆，其路径几乎与海岸垂直。十天后，一场东北风造成了强降水，沿海地区的水位上升。在巴内加特湾和特拉华河口的沼泽地进行了两年的风暴前监测和研究，为评估飓风桑迪和随后的东北部对该地区的影响提供了机会。沙质天气期间，巴内加特湾的峰值水位高于沼泽表面111 ~ 184厘米，特拉华河口的峰值水位高于沼泽表面75 ~ 135厘米。尽管沿海社区遭受了广泛的洪水和破坏，但这场风暴对新泽西州沿海沼泽的影响不大，而且是局部的。在沼泽平台上进行的测量说明了对风暴的局部响应，包括直立生物量的移除，以及次年夏天峰值生物量的变化。沼泽表面和海拔的变化在沼泽内部和整个区域是可变的。风暴期间局部海拔变化是暂时的，与地下过程有关。从长期来看，2012年的风暴没有明显的影响，因为风暴前和风暴后几个月的海拔和回归斜率不显著。2012年秋季风暴之后夏季的植被变化也是多变的，并且局限于沼泽内部和沼泽之间。这些结果表明，飓风桑迪和随后的东北飓风并没有对该地区的盐碱地产生广泛的长期影响。可能的解释是，来自巴内加特湾堰洲岛的浪涌和波浪能量的耗散，以及极端的水位缓冲了低洼沼泽表面免受波浪、风和水流的影响，并将悬浮的负荷从矮小的沼泽草带到了更高的植被和/或结构区域。这些发现表明，对基础设施和社区产生重大影响的大风暴可能对风暴路径附近的沿海沼泽产生短期的局部影响。
Hurricane Sandy, one of the largest Atlantic hurricanes on record, made landfall as an extratropical cyclone on the coast of New Jersey (29 October 2012) along a track almost perpendicular to the coast. Ten days later a northeaster caused heavy precipitation and elevated water levels along the coast. Two years of pre-storm monitoring and research in marshes of Barnegat Bay and the Delaware Estuary provided an opportunity to evaluate the impacts of Hurricane Sandy and the succeeding northeaster across the region. Peak water levels during Sandy ranged from 111 to 184 cm above the marsh surface in Barnegat Bay and 75–135 cm above the marsh surface in the Delaware Estuary. Despite widespread flooding and damage to coastal communities, the storm had modest and localized impacts on coastal marshes of New Jersey. Measurements made on the marsh platform illustrated localized responses to the storms including standing biomass removal, and changes in peak biomass the following summer. Marsh surface and elevation changes were variable within marshes and across the region. Localized elevation changes over the storm period were temporary and associated with subsurface processes. Over the long-term, there was no apparent impact of the 2012 storms, as elevations and regression slopes pre- and several months post-storm were not significant. Vegetation changes in the summer following the fall 2012 storms were also variable and localized within and among marshes. These results suggest that Hurricane Sandy and the succeeding northeaster did not have a widespread long-term impact on saline marshes in this region. Possible explanations are the dissipation of surge and wave energy from the barrier island in Barnegat Bay and the extreme water levels buffering the low-lying marsh surface from waves, winds, and currents, and carrying suspended loads past the short-statured marsh grasses to areas of taller vegetation and/or structure. These findings demonstrate that major storms that have substantial impacts on infrastructure and communities can have short-term localized effects on coastal marshes in the vicinity of the storm track.