Provisioning Istanbul: The state and subsistence in the early Modern Middle East
Provisioning Istanbul: The state and subsistence in the early Modern Middle East
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供给伊斯坦布尔：近代早期中东的国家和生存
DOI：
10.1080/07409710.1987.9961920
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发表时间：
1987
影响因子：
1
通讯作者：
R. Murphey
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Murphey
奥斯曼政府既不是 18 世纪末法国旅行家托特男爵描绘的暴虐怪物，也不是现代土耳其学者吕特菲·吉切尔描绘的对首都供给的无私、被动的观察者。 1 事实介于这两个极端之间。政府充当利益的均衡者和平衡者，毫不犹豫地进行干预。正如查尔斯·伊萨维（Charles Issawi）所表明的那样，农业部门在奥斯曼帝国经济中的主导地位从未受到挑战，即使在 20 世纪初的几十年里也没有受到挑战。 2 但这些生产能力和实物财富是如何分配、引导和使用的呢？以负担得起的价格提供充足的粮食供应一直是各个时代、各个文化传统的所有政府都关心的问题。国家资助的粮食分配是国家组织的基石，特别是在草原社会，那里恶劣的自然环境加剧了粮食供应问题的紧迫性。由塔里木盆地中世纪突厥国家的统治者精心策划并在早期政治理论小册子中描述的定期节日（玩具）的精致，向我们表明了对公平分配现有食物资源的重视。 3 随着伊斯兰时代的到来，传统价值观以新的制度形式被重新表述。伊斯兰统治者有义务保护他的臣民并展示
The Ottoman government was neither the tyrannical monster depicted by the late 18th-century French traveler Baron de Tott nor the disinterested, passive observer of the capital's provisioning portrayed by the modern Turkish scholar Lütfi Giiçer. 1 The truth lies somewhere in between these two extremes. The government acted as equalizer and balancer of interests and did not hesitate to intervene. The primacy of the agricultural sector in the Ottoman economy was never challenged, as Charles Issawi has shown, not even in the opening decades of the 20th century. 2 But how was this productive capacity and wealth in kind allocated, channeled, and put to use? Providing an adequate supply of grain at affordable prices has concerned all governments in all ages and all cultural traditions. Statesponsored food distribution was a cornerstone of state organization, particularly in societies of the steppe where a meager physical environment intensified the urgency of the food supply issue. The elaborateness of the periodic feasts (toy), orchestrated by rulers of the medieval Turkic states of the Tarim Basin and described in early tracts on political theory, give us an indication of the value placed on equitable distribution of available food resources. 3 With the dawning of the Islamic era traditional values were reformulated in new institutional guises. The Islamic ruler was duty bound to protect his subjects and show