Anticipatory and post hoc cushioning strategies: Optimism and defensive pessimism in “risky” situations
Anticipatory and post hoc cushioning strategies: Optimism and defensive pessimism in “risky” situations
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预期和事后缓冲策略：“风险”情况下的乐观和防御性悲观
DOI：
10.1007/bf01173471
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发表时间：
1986
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
N. Cantor
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Norem;N. Cantor
认知策略的概念被提出作为一个模型的过程中，个人缓冲自己对自尊的威胁，在“危险”的情况。两个战略进行了讨论。第一种是防御性悲观主义，这是一种预期策略，涉及在进入一种情况之前设定防御性的低期望，以便在失败时防御自尊的丧失。第二种是乐观的战略，即一开始就抱有很高的期望，在知道结果后才对局势进行事后调整。从预先筛选的乐观主义者和防御性悲观主义者那里收集了关于变位词任务表现的期望。在完成任务后，受试者被给予错误的失败或成功反馈。后测测量自我报告的满意度，控制感，和性能评估。正如预测的那样，被选择为防御性悲观态度的受试者的表现要比被选择为乐观态度的受试者差得多，尽管实际表现没有差异。此外，乐观主义者在成功条件下比在失败条件下声称对自己的表现有更多的控制权，这表明了归因自我主义。悲观主义者没有表现出这种模式。这些数据提供了乐观主义者事后缓冲努力的证据，而防御性悲观主义者似乎被他们最初的情况结构所困扰。有人认为，这些策略可以被理解为有动机的尝试，以解决“问题”的“风险”的情况。
The concept of cognitive strategies is proposed as a model for the process by which individuals cushion themselves against threats to self-esteem in “risky” situations. Two strategies are discussed. The first is defensive pessimism, an anticipatory strategy that involves setting defensively low expectations prior to entering a situation, so as to defend against loss of self-esteem in the event of failure. The second is an optimistic strategy, where expectations are high at the outset, and post hoc restructuring of the situation is done when the outcome is known. Expectations about performance on an anagram task were collected from prescreened optimistics and defensive pessimists. After completion of the task, subjects were given false failure or success feedback. A posttest measuring self-reported satisfaction, feelings of control, and performance evaluations was administered. As predicted, subjects selected for defensive pessimist attitudes expected to perform significantly worse than did those selected for optimistic attitudes, even though there was no difference in actual performance. Moreover, optimists demonstrated attributional egotism in claiming significantly more control over their performance in the success condition than in the failure condition. Pessimists did not show this pattern. The data provide evidence of post hoc cushioning efforts among optimists, whereas defensive pessimists seem to be cushioned by their initial structuring of the situation. It is argued that these strategies can be understood as motivated attempts to solve the “problem” of a “risky” situation.