Examining the presence and determinants of operational momentum in childhood.
Examining the presence and determinants of operational momentum in childhood.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00325
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
McCrink K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Knops A;Zitzmann S;McCrink K
操作动量(OM)效应描述了在估计简单加法和减法问题的结果时的系统性偏差。加法题的结果被高估了，而减法题的结果被低估了。OM的起源仍有争议。首先，在心算过程中对数字信息的有缺陷的解压缩被认为是由于对压缩的幅度码进行线性算术运算而导致OM。第二，沿着心理数字线的注意力转移被认为是引起OM的原因。第三个假说解释了9个月大婴儿的OM是通过接受比原始操作数更多(更少)以及加法(减法)问题的认知启发式来解释的。本研究试图理清这些替代方案，并系统地考察OM的潜在决定因素，如已发现的调节数字-空间联系的阅读流利性。对32名6岁和7岁的儿童进行了非符号加法和减法问题的测试，他们必须从一系列可能的结果中选择正确的结果。一半的孩子评估了阅读能力，而另一半的孩子则评估了注意力测量。32名成年人被测试了相同的范式，以验证其揭示OM的潜力。儿童(和成年人)很容易就能解决问题。我们在成人组中重复了之前的OM发现。使用贝叶斯框架，我们在儿童中观察到了相反的OM效应，即与加法相比，对减法的高估更大。观察到儿童的注意控制水平和他们表现出OM的倾向之间存在显著的相关性。观察到的结果模式，特别是儿童的反向OM，很难与先前提出的理论框架相一致。观察到的OM和注意系统之间的联系可能被解释为部分支持注意转移假说的证据。
The operational momentum (OM) effect describes a systematic bias in estimating the outcomes of simple addition and subtraction problems. Outcomes of addition problems are overestimated while outcomes of subtraction problems are underestimated. The origin of OM remains debated. First, a flawed uncompression of numerical information during the course of mental arithmetic is supposed to cause OM due to linear arithmetic operations on a compressed magnitude code. Second, attentional shifts along the mental number line are thought to cause OM. A third hypothesis explains OM in 9-month olds by a cognitive heuristic of accepting more (less) than the original operand in addition (subtraction) problems. The current study attempts to disentangle these alternatives and systematically examines potential determinants of OM, such as reading fluency which has been found to modulate numerical–spatial associations. A group of 32 6- and 7-year-old children was tested in non-symbolic addition and subtraction problems, in which they had to choose the correct outcome from an array of several possible outcomes. Reading capacity was assessed for half of the children while attentional measures were assessed in the other half. Thirty-two adults were tested with the identical paradigm to validate its potential of revealing OM. Children (and adults) were readily able to solve the problems. We replicated previous findings of OM in the adults group. Using a Bayesian framework we observed an inverse OM effect in children, i.e., larger overestimations for subtraction compared to addition. A significant correlation between children’s level of attentional control and their propensity to exhibit OM was observed. The observed pattern of results, in particular the inverse OM in children is hard to reconcile with the previously proposed theoretical frameworks. The observed link between OM and the attentional system might be interpreted as evidence partially supporting the attentional shift hypothesis.
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