Honorifics
Honorifics
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敬语
DOI：
10.1093/obo/9780199772810-0265
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
1.1
通讯作者：
L. Brown
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Brown
敬语是一种语言形式，用于表达对值得尊重的实体的尊重或尊重，最典型的是一个上级社会地位的人。这个概念最常用于日语和韩语的讨论（通常是东京和首尔使用的这些语言的标准化版本），这些语言具有高度发达的音位系统，包括语法化的动词后缀。在这些语言中，说话者需要在每一个句子中的敬语和非敬语动词结尾之间做出强制性的选择，这主要取决于社会地位和亲密程度。例如，当称呼地位上级时，日语使用者会在每个动词的末尾加上masu，韩语使用者会在每个动词的末尾加上-yo或-suppita，而当称呼亲密人时，这些形式会被省略。在没有这种动词词尾系统的语言中，词汇替换可以用来标记敬语。在标准爪哇语中，ngoko（“低语音”）和krama（“高语音”）之间有许多词汇区别。泰语有许多不同的语言层次，包括racha sap（“皇家语言”），用于称呼或指代皇家。在澳大利亚原住民语言Dyirbal中，每当所谓的“禁忌”亲属（即母亲）时，说话者就会切换到这种语言的特定变体，称为“婆婆语言”和“姐夫语言”。在法律范围内。在英语和欧洲语言中，敬语往往主要限于尊敬的头衔，如“先生”或“女士”和特殊的第二人称代词（例如，在法语中，vous是tu [“you”]的敬语形式。语言学家们认识到几种不同类型的敬语。“指称正音词”指的是句子中说话者和指称对象之间的关系（或者不同指称对象之间的关系）。听话人的人称代词（也称为“言语水平”或“言语风格”）直接反映说话人和听话人之间的关系，而不需要听话人作为句子所指出现。旁观者礼貌用语是指特定旁观者在演讲事件现场的存在。这些形式适合在旁观者在场的情况下说话，但不一定适合谈论他或对他/她说话。除了敬语，语言还可能包含humilifics：使说话者谦卑或谦卑的语言形式（例如，“你卑微的仆人”）。
Honorifics are linguistic forms that are used prototypically to express regard or esteem toward an entity worthy of respect, most typically a person of superior social standing. The concept is most frequently used in discussions of Japanese and Korean (typically the Standardized versions of these languages spoken in Tokyo and Seoul), which have highly developed systems of honorifics that include grammaticized verbal suffixes. In these languages, speakers need to make an obligatory choice between honorific and nonhonorific verb endings in every single sentence, depending primarily on social status and intimacy. For instance, when addressing a status superior, Japanese speakers will add masu to the end of every verb and Korean speakers will add -yo or -supnita, whereas these forms are omitted when addressing intimates. In languages without this system of verb endings, lexical substitutions can be recruited for marking honorification. In Standard Javanese, there are numerous lexical distinctions between ngoko (“low speech”) and krama (“high speech”). Thai features a number of speech levels including racha sap (“royal language”), which is used for addressing or referring to the royal family. In the Australian Aboriginal language Dyirbal, speakers switch to specific variations of the language known as “mother-in-law language” and “brother-in-law language” whenever so-called “taboo” kin—namely, the mother-in-law or brother-in-law—is in earshot. In English and European languages, honorifics tend to be limited mostly to respectful titles such as “Sir” or “Ma’am” and special second-person pronouns (e.g., in French, vous is the honorific form of tu [“you”]). Linguists recognize several different types of honorifics. “Referent honorifics” index the relationship between the speaker and referents within the sentence (or otherwise the relationship between different referents). Hearer honorifics (also known as “speech levels” or “speech styles”) directly index the relationship between the speaker and the hearer and do not require the hearer to appear as a sentence referent in order to appear. Bystander honorifics index the presence of specific onlookers at the scene of a speech event. These forms are appropriate for speaking in the presence of the bystander in question but are not necessarily appropriate when speaking about or to him/her. In addition to honorifics, languages may also contain humilifics: linguistic forms that humble or abase the speaker (e.g., “your humble servant”).