Freeze concentration for enrichment of nutrients in yellow water from no-mix toilets.
Freeze concentration for enrichment of nutrients in yellow water from no-mix toilets.
复制标题
冷冻浓缩，以浓缩非混合厕所黄水中的营养物质。
DOI：
10.2166/wst.2004.0360
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Otterpohl
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Gulyas;P. Bruhn;M. Furmańska;K. Hartrampf;K. Kot;B. Lüttenberg;Z. Mahmood;K. Stelmaszewska;R. Otterpohl
单独收集的尿液（“黄水”）可以用作肥料。为了减少黄水的储存量和能量消耗，必须考虑黄水中营养物质的富集。在冰前冷冻装置中测试了黄水的间歇冷冻浓缩：搅拌容器和降膜冷冻浓缩器（冷却剂温度：-6至-16 ° C）。随着液体浓缩物的不断富集，冻结的冰越来越多地被黄水成分（氨、总氮、总磷、TOC和被确定为电导率的盐）污染。黄水的初始盐度越高，与生长的冰锋接触的液相的机械搅拌越低，冻结的冰被污染的越多。结果表明，在冰前冷冻装置中，多阶段过程是必要的，即，融化的冰相必须在第二阶段或甚至第三阶段中被纯化（并且浓缩物必须被进一步富集）。这个过程的能耗非常高。但在人口超过50万、引黄距离大于80 km的集中式生态卫生方案中，采用技术规模的悬浮冷冻浓缩是合理的。
Separately collected urine ("yellow water") can be utilized as fertilizer. In order to decrease storage volumes and energy consumption for yellow water transport to fields, enrichment of nutrients in yellow water has to be considered. Laboratory-scale batch freeze concentration of yellow water has been tested in ice-front freezing apparatus: a stirred vessel and a falling film freeze concentrator (coolant temperatures: -6 to -16 degrees C). With progressing enrichment of the liquid concentrate, the frozen ice was increasingly contaminated with yellow water constituents (ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, TOC, and salts determined as conductivity). The higher the initial salinity of the yellow water and the lower the mechanical agitation of the liquid phase contacting the growing ice front, the more the frozen ice was contaminated. The results indicate, that in ice-front freezing devices multistage processes are necessary, i.e. the melted ice phase has to be purified (and the concentrates must be further enriched) in a second or even in a third stage. Energy consumption of this process is very high. However, technical scale suspension freeze concentration is reasonable in centralized ecological sanitation schemes if the population exceeds 0.5 million and distance of yellow water transportation to fields is more than 80 km.