Optical fiber nanowires and microwires: fabrication and applications
Optical fiber nanowires and microwires: fabrication and applications
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DOI：
10.1364/aop.1.000107
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发表时间：
2009-01-01
影响因子：
27.1
通讯作者：
Richardson, David J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brambilla, Gilberto;Xu, Fei;Richardson, David J.
已经通过使用广泛的自下而上技术（诸如化学或物理气相沉积）和自上而下工艺（诸如纤维拉伸）来制造微丝和纳米线。在这些技术中，由光纤制造线提供了最长、最均匀和最坚固的纳米线。重要的是，与光纤纳米线（OFN）相关的小表面粗糙度和高均匀性提供了低光学损耗，并允许将纳米线用于通信、传感、激光、生物学和化学的广泛的新应用。OFN提供了许多突出的光学和机械特性，包括（1）大的倏逝场，（2）高非线性，（3）强约束，以及（4）与其他光纤和光纤化组件的低损耗互连。OFN是通过对光纤进行拉伸来制造的，因此在其输入和输出处保持了原始光纤尺寸，从而允许随时拼接到标准光纤。综述了OFNs的制备方法，并重点介绍了OFNs的应用。设想了三种不同的应用：（1）基于强约束或非线性的器件，（2）利用大倏逝场的应用，以及（3）涉及锥形过渡区的器件。第一组包括超连续谱发生器、一系列非线性光学器件和光学俘获。第二组包括结，环，线圈谐振器和它们的应用，传感和粒子推进的光学压力。最后，模式滤波和模式转换表示基于锥形过渡区域的应用。在这些应用组中，利用基于OFN的谐振器的设备可能是最有趣的;由于大的倏逝场，当OFN被盘绕到其自身上时，在导线中传播的模式与其自身干涉以给出谐振器。与大多数通过其他方式制造的高Q谐振器相比，OFN微谐振器不存在输入-输出耦合的主要问题，并且提供了完全集成的光纤化解决方案。OFN可以用于制造具有Q因子的回路和线圈谐振器，尽管Q因子仍然远离10（9）的预测值，但是远远超过10（5）。输入输出尾纤在谐振器响应整形中起着重要作用，可用于在很宽的耦合参数范围内最大化Q因子。最后，时间稳定性和鲁棒性问题进行了讨论，并提出了解决光学退化问题。
Microwires and nanowires have been manufactured by using a wide range of bottom-up techniques such as chemical or physical vapor deposition and top-down processes such as fiber drawing. Among these techniques, the manufacture of wires from optical fibers provides the longest, most uniform and robust nanowires. Critically, the small surface roughness and the high-homogeneity associated with optical fiber nanowires (OFNs) provide low optical loss and allow the use of nanowires for a wide range of new applications for communications, sensing, lasers, biology, and chemistry. OFNs offer a number of outstanding optical and mechanical properties, including (1) large evanescent fields, (2) high-nonlinearity, (3) strong confinement, and (4) low-loss interconnection to other optical fibers and fiberized components. OFNs are fabricated by adiabatically stretching optical fibers and thus preserve the original optical fiber dimensions at their input and output, allowing ready splicing to standard fibers. A review of the manufacture of OFNs is presented, with a particular emphasis on their applications. Three different groups of applications have been envisaged: (1) devices based on the strong confinement or nonlinearity, (2) applications exploiting the large evanescent field, and (3) devices involving the taper transition regions. The first group includes supercontinuum generators, a range of nonlinear optical devices, and optical trapping. The second group comprises knot, loop, and coil resonators and their applications, sensing and particle propulsion by optical pressure. Finally, mode filtering and mode conversion represent applications based on the taper transition regions. Among these groups of applications, devices exploiting the OFN-based resonators are possibly the most interesting; because of the large evanescent field, when OFNs are coiled onto themselves the mode propagating in the wire interferes with itself to give a resonator. In contrast with the majority of high-Q resonators manufactured by other means, the OFN microresonator does not have major issues with input-output coupling and presents a completely integrated fiberized solution. OFNs can be used to manufacture loop and coil resonators with Q factors that, although still far from the predicted value of 10(9), are well in excess of 10(5). The input-output pigtails play a major role in shaping the resonator response and can be used to maximize the Q factor over a wide range of coupling parameters. Finally, temporal stability and robustness issues are discussed, and a solution to optical degradation issues is presented.