Interspecies comparisons of particle deposition and mucociliary clearance in tracheobronchial airways.
Interspecies comparisons of particle deposition and mucociliary clearance in tracheobronchial airways.
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DOI：
10.1080/15287398409530509
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发表时间：
1984
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Lippmann;R. Schlesinger
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Lippmann;R. Schlesinger
沿着人类和其他哺乳动物正常健康的气管支气管呼吸道沉积的吸入的不溶性颗粒通过近端移动的粘膜输送到喉部，并在那里被吞咽。从最远端纤毛气道的传输时间从 0.1 到 1 天不等，每个个体都有一个相对恒定的特征时间。清除的确切时间过程取决于颗粒沉积和粘液速度沿气道的分布。关于实验动物支气管内沉积和粘膜纤毛转运率的数据太少，无法在物种之间进行彻底的相互比较。然而，我们对不同物种之间的相对肺大小和解剖学差异已有足够的了解，可以做出一些初步但重要的区别。与常用的实验动物相比，人类具有更大的肺部和更对称的上支气管气道分支模式。此外，人类进行大量的口呼吸，从而绕过了鼻呼吸道的有效空气净化能力。这些差异导致人体上支气管气道颗粒沉积量更大，以及气道分叉附近局部表面的沉积浓度更高。沉积在纤毛小气道中的空气传播刺激物可能会导致粘膜纤毛运输发生显着变化。这些物质包括香烟烟雾、亚微米大小的硫酸雾、二氧化氮和臭氧。对于香烟烟雾和硫酸，已经研究了人类和动物单次短暂接触后的短暂影响，反应是相似的。动物重复接触后，这两种刺激物都会导致清除率和气道形态发生持续改变。迄今为止，臭氧对粘膜纤毛清除影响的研究仅限于测试大鼠对单次暴露的反应。各种刺激物的已知影响之间的相似性表明存在非特异性反应。
Inhaled insoluble particles that deposit along normal healthy tracheobronchial airways of humans and other mammals are transported on the proximally moving mucous lining to the larynx, where they are swallowed. The transit time from the most distal ciliated airways varies from 0.1 to 1 d, with each individual having a relatively constant, characteristic time. The exact time course of clearance depends on the distributions of both particle deposition and mucus velocities along the airways. There are too few data on intrabronchial deposition and mucociliary transport rates for laboratory animals to permit a thorough intercomparison among species. However, enough is known about the relative lung sizes and anatomical differences among the various species to make some preliminary, but important, distinctions. As compared to commonly used experimental animals, humans have larger lungs and a more symmetric upper bronchial airway branching pattern. In addition, humans do considerable oral breathing, thus bypassing the effective air cleaning capability of the nasal airways. These differences contribute to a greater amount of upper bronchial airway particle deposition in humans, as well as to greater concentrations of deposition on localized surfaces near airway bifurcations. Airborne irritants that deposit in small ciliated airways may produce marked changes in mucociliary transport. Such materials include cigarette smoke, submicrometer-sized sulfuric acid mist, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone. For cigarette smoke and sulfuric acid, which have been studied for transient effects following single brief exposures in both humans and animals, the responses are similar. Upon repetitive exposures in animals, both of these irritants produce persistant alterations in clearance rates and airway morphometry. Studies of the effects of ozone on mucociliary clearance have, up to now, been limited to tests of the responses of rats to single exposures. The similarities between the known effects of various irritants suggests a nonspecific response.