Assessing Cultivation Theory and Public Health Model for Crime Reporting
Assessing Cultivation Theory and Public Health Model for Crime Reporting
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犯罪举报的评估修养理论与公共卫生模式
DOI：
10.1177/073953290002100407
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发表时间：
2000
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Yu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Reber;Yu
一项对中西部社区的调查支持犯罪报道的公共卫生模式，发现受访者说媒体过于关注犯罪。受访者提供了适度的支持培养理论，没有发现报纸和电视的影响差异。暴力在美国很普遍。它无处不在。它导致了票房的下降。这是政治竞选中的一个热门话题。这是一种廉价而简单的方法来销售报纸或提高收视率。本文旨在解决媒体中的暴力的社会学影响，讨论如何暴力一般是由新闻媒体在地方一级，以评估中西部大学城的居民对新闻报道的感受，并从培养效果和公共卫生报告的角度分析调查结果。媒体中的暴力是一个长期存在的问题。在早期的研究中，乔治·格布纳注意到，在1950年至1961年制作的大约3,000部美国电影中，有66%是暴力电影。他还观察到，在20世纪50年代，超过75%的电视剧包含暴力行为，在56%的节目中占主导地位。在1967年和1968年，他记录了80%的电视节目包含暴力描绘。(1)由全国有线电视协会赞助的一项为期三年的研究发现，暴力仍然普遍存在。1994年至1998年间，黄金时段播出的含有暴力内容的节目增加了14%，而在同一时间段内，有线电视台的类似内容增加了10%。黄金时段广播和有线电视节目中含有暴力内容的比例从第一年的58%到第二年和第三年的61%不等。研究人员发现，在典型的暴力节目中，每小时至少发生六起暴力事件。(2)但暴力内容不仅限于娱乐节目。犯罪也是当地新闻广播的主要话题。Paul Klite、Robert Bardwell和Jason Salzman发现，犯罪故事占用了“新闻总时间的三分之一”。“他们发现，暴力犯罪是最经常播出的，而谋杀虽然在犯罪类型中不常见，但却是电视新闻中最常报道的犯罪。他们写道：“在56个电视台，超过一半的犯罪报道与谋杀有关。”(3)约翰·麦克马纳斯（John McManus）有兴趣了解，在做出新闻决策时，地方电视新闻是否会被视为商品，遵循经济模式，还是公共服务，遵循新闻模式。他发现电视新闻在很大程度上只是报纸内容的翻版。这一观察提供了证据，证明报纸不仅在其自身组织的新闻媒体设置过程中发挥着影响力，而且在广播新闻媒体的新闻媒体设置过程中也发挥着影响力。麦克马纳斯发现，经济模式主导了他观察到的三个车站。很少有人关注新闻采访的创新。(4)“犯罪新闻是新闻业的主要内容，报道犯罪新闻被认为是新闻界的公共责任。然而，沃尔特·杰尼希和他的同事们发现，报纸强调的是“相对不常见的暴力犯罪”。“（5）媒体和公共事务中心1994年的一项研究表明，1990年至1994年期间，有关犯罪的新闻报道增加了两倍多。Gerbner报告说，“当地电视新闻犯罪报道在过去两年（1995- 1996年）中[翻了一番]。(6)菲利斯·卡尼斯指出，今天的记者强烈认同地方权力结构--市和县官员、警察和消防部门、住房当局等等。从这些来源得到的消息往往是坏消息--犯罪、贫穷、健康问题等等。(7)一项研究表明，圣路易斯的报纸极大地歪曲了犯罪活动的现实。E.T.琼斯发现，“典型的谋杀案受到的关注是一般重大犯罪的90多倍。…
A survey of a Midwestern community supported a public health model of crime reporting and found respondents saying the media pay too much attention to crime. Respondents provided modest support for cultivation theory, with no differences found for effects of newspapers and television. Violence is popular in America. It is ubiquitous. It leads to boffo box office. It is a popular topic in political campaigns. It is a cheap and easy way to sell newspapers or bump up ratings. This paper seeks to address the sociological effects of violence in the media, to discuss how violence is generally covered by news media on a local level, to assess the feelings of residents of a Midwestern university town regarding news coverage and analyze survey results from both cultivation effects and public health reporting perspectives. Violence in the media Violence in the media is a longstanding issue. In early research, George Gerbner noted violence in 66 percent of approximately 3,000 American films produced from 1950 to 1961. He also observed, in the 1950s, that more than 75 percent of television drama contained acts of violence and it predominated in 56 percent of the programs. In 1967 and 1968, he recorded that 80 percent of television programming contained violent portrayals.(1) A three-year study sponsored by the National Cable Television Association found that violence continues to be prevalent. Prime time broadcast programs containing violent content increased by 14 percent between 1994 and 1998 and similar content increased by 10 percent on cable stations during the same time frame(1). The percentage of prime time broadcast and cable programs with violence ranged from 58 percent in year one to 61 percent in years two and three. Researchers found that a minimum of six violent incidents occur in each hour of the typical violent program.(2) But violent content is not limited to entertainment programming. Crime also is a dominant topic of local news broadcasts. Paul Klite, Robert Bardwell and Jason Salzman found that crime stories consumed "about a third of the total time devoted to news." They found that violent crimes are most frequently aired and that murder, though infrequent among crime types, is the most commonly covered crime on television newscasts. "On 56 stations, more than half the crime coverage relates to murder," they wrote.(3) John McManus was interested to learn whether, in making news decisions, local television news would be treated as a commodity, following an economic model, or a public service, following a journalistic model. He found that television news, in large part, was simply a regurgitation of newspaper content. This observation provides evidence that newspapers play an influential role in the news agenda-setting process not only of their own organizations, but in that of broadcast news outlets as well. McManus found the economic model dominated the three stations he observed. There was little attention paid to innovation in news gathering.(4) "Crime news is a staple of journalism, and reporting it has been considered a public duty of the press." Nevertheless, Walter Jaehnig and his colleagues found the newspapers emphasize "relatively infrequent violent crimes."(5) A 1994 study by the Center for Media and Public Affairs showed that news stories regarding crimes more than tripled between 1990 and 1994. Gerbner reported that "local TV news crime reports [doubled] in the past two years [1995-96].(6)" Phyllis Kaniss notes that today's journalists identify strongly with local power structures-city and county officers, police and fire departments, housing authorities and so forth. The news that emerges from these sources is often bad news - news of crime, indigence, health problems and so forth.(7) One study showed that newspapers in St. Louis greatly distorted the reality of criminal activity. E.T. Jones found that "the typical murder had slightly more than 90 times as much attention as the average major crime. …