Minerals, Metals and Sustainability: Meeting Future Material Needs
Minerals, Metals and Sustainability: Meeting Future Material Needs
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DOI：
10.1071/9780643097278
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发表时间：
2011-09
影响因子：
7
通讯作者：
John Rankin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
John Rankin
1导言2材料和材料循环自然资源商品和服务材料组材料循环材料的可回收性量化材料循环3地球介绍地壳水圈和生物圈科学基本定律的一些含义地球化学循环4可持续性介绍环境背景可持续性思想的简史概念可持续发展和可持续性框架可持续性模型5矿产资源地球的形成地质时标地壳的形成矿物和岩石矿床资源和储量从地壳中提取价值6矿产品矿产品如何交易矿产品的经济价值采矿项目周期矿产品行业的性质经济矿物工业和可持续发展7生产矿石和精矿从地壳中提取岩石选矿采出的材料矿物选矿流程示例8生产金属和人造矿物产品理论考虑金属水泥和混凝土玻璃其他人造矿物产品9初级生产的能源消耗直接和间接能源和总能源需求可再生能源可再生能源和全球变暖潜能值矿石品位下降和开采规模对能源消耗的影响能源消耗的下限能源可持续性指标和报告10水在初级生产中的作用全球水资源矿业中的水金属的内含水含量水可持续性指标和报告11初级生产产生的废物废物及其来源直接废物的类型和数量固体废物液体废物气体废物废物对人类和环境的影响废物的国际管制12初级生产废物的管理固体废物的管理液体废物的管理气体废物废物、流出物和排放可持续性指标13次级材料和回收利用报废产品的备选办法回收利用的驱动因素，再利用和再制造回收的好处和局限性回收术语回收，常见材料的回收和回收率回收所需的能源回收对资源寿命的影响从简单产品中回收材料从复杂产品中回收材料环境设计14矿物和金属的未来可用性长期使用的决定因素15对矿物和金属的未来需求长期需求的决定因素对矿物商品需求的预测材料和技术替代非物质化IPAT方程摘要和结论16实现零废物等级减少和消除废物清洁生产物料透过工序重整减少废物工程学工业生态学实现17迈向可持续性关闭材料循环市场和政策为基础的方法过渡到可持续性可能的全球“未来”摘要和结论附录I关于单位和数量的说明II一些基础科学的回顾物质的本质物质守恒热能和热力学定律电磁辐射热转让三联合国人类环境会议，斯德哥尔摩宣言，1972年6月16日四联合国环境与发展会议，1992年6月16日-里约宣言五全球报告倡议可持续性指标六用于从矿石中提取普通金属的加工路线
1 Introduction 2 Materials and the materials cycle Natural resources Materials, goods and services The material groups The materials cycle The recyclability of materials Quantifying the materials cycle 3 An introduction to Earth The crust The hydrosphere and biosphere Some implications of the basic laws of science The biogeochemical cycles 4 An introduction to sustainability The environmental context A brief history of the idea of sustainability The concepts of sustainable development and sustainability Sustainability frameworks A model of sustainability 5 Mineral resources Formation of the Earth The geological timescale Formation of the crust Minerals and rocks Mineral deposits Resources and reserves Extracting value from the crust 6 The minerals industry Mineral commodities How mineral commodities are traded The economic value of mineral commodities The mining project cycle The nature of the minerals industry The economic and social impact of mining The minerals industry and sustainable development 7 Producing ores and concentrates Extracting rock from the crust Beneficiating mined material Examples of mineral beneficiation flowsheets 8 Producing metals and manufactured mineral products Theoretical considerations Metals Cement and concrete Glass Other manufactured mineral products 9 Energy consumption in primary production Direct and indirect energy and gross energy requirement Embodied energy Embodied energy and global warming potential The effect of declining ore grade and liberation size on energy consumption The lower limits of energy consumption Energy sustainability indicators and reporting 10 The role of water in primary production Global water resources Water in the minerals industry The embodied water content of metals Water sustainability indicators and reporting 11 Wastes from primary production Wastes and their origin The types and quantities of direct wastes Solid wastes Liquid wastes Gaseous wastes The impact of wastes on humans and the environment The international regulation of wastes 12 Management of wastes from primary production Management of solid wastes Management of liquid wastes Gaseous wastes Waste, effluent and emission sustainability indicators 13 Secondary materials and recycling Options for end-of-life products Drivers of recycling, reuse and remanufacturing The benefits and limitations of recycling Recycling terminology Recovery, recycling and return rates for common materials The energy required for recycling The effect of recycling on resource life Recycling materials from simple products Recycling materials from complex products Design for the environment 14 The future availability of minerals and metals The determinants of long term supply Potential sources of minerals Crustal resources Resources in seawater Resources on the seabed Summary and conclusions 15 The future demand for minerals and metals The determinants of long term demand Projections of the demand for mineral commodities Materials and technological substitution Dematerialisation The IPAT equation Summary and conclusions 16 Towards zero waste The waste hierarchy Reducing and eliminating wastes Cleaner production Wastes as raw materials Waste reduction through process re-engineering Industrial ecology Making it happen 17 Towards sustainability Closing the materials cycle Market and policy based approaches to transitioning to sustainability Possible global 'futures' Summary and conclusions APPENDICES I A note on units and quantities II A review of some elementary science The nature of matter Conservation of matter Thermal energy and the laws of thermodynamics Electromagnetic radiation Heat transfer III United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm Declaration, 16 June, 1972 IV The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 16 June 1992 - The Rio Declaration V GRI Sustainability Indicators VI Processing routes used for the extraction of the common metals from their ores