MAGNATE ESTATES ALONG THE ROAD VIKING AGE SETTLEMENTS, COMMUNICATION AND CONTACTS IN SOUTH-WEST SCANIA, SWEDEN
MAGNATE ESTATES ALONG THE ROAD VIKING AGE SETTLEMENTS, COMMUNICATION AND CONTACTS IN SOUTH-WEST SCANIA, SWEDEN
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/j.1600-0390.2008.00111.x
复制
发表时间：
2008-01-01
影响因子：
0.8
通讯作者：
Carlie, Anne
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carlie, Anne
就在几十年前，对铁器时代斯堪的纳维亚半岛南部定居点社会层面的研究还相当模糊。由于在现场更系统地使用金属探测器，我们今天的知识状态完全不同，细节开始突出。其中一个可以清楚地看出的现象是铁器时代晚期和维京海盗时代的大型庄园与霍尔斯的复合体。基于建筑风格和组织的相似性，有人建议这些遗址应被视为个人和群体的集体贵族网络的代表，这种网络赋予某些家庭高于其他家庭的特殊社会地位。这些庄园的一个特点，据信是使它们与其他更普通的农场区别开来的，是出现了一系列霍尔斯。在对斯堪尼亚东南部耶尔雷斯塔德的建筑群的研究中，本特·索德伯格（Bengt Söderberg）将大厅作为一个独特的元素，可以在同一地点连续几个阶段（Söderberg 2005，107）。在斯堪的纳维亚半岛南部的五个地方，目前已知挖掘出的带有霍尔斯序列的农场。除了耶尔雷斯塔德，西兰还有三个遗址，分别是位于西兰岛西侧、靠近大贝尔特（Great Belt，Jørgensen，2002年）的Tissarn、位于罗斯基勒峡湾（Roskilde Fjord，1997年）的Lejre和位于西兰岛东侧、靠近峡湾（Sound，1998年）的Stevns的Strøby Toftegård。第五个地点位于哈兰的Slöinge，位于卡特加特海峡（Lundqvist 2003）。位于斯堪尼亚西南部的乌帕克拉（Uppakra）也应该加入到该群中，其霍尔斯序列，尽管与当代房地产综合体的关系尚未澄清（Larsson & Lenntorp 2004）。在一项比较研究中，Söderberg呼吁谨慎，他说我们不应该过于重视遗址的地理分布，因为新的发现会很快改变现状。与此同时，他注意到在日德兰半岛和菲南缺乏带有霍尔斯序列的遗址，尽管事实上在这些地区已经挖掘出了几个带有霍尔斯的大型庄园（Söderberg 2005，112 f）。铁器时代晚期和维京海盗时代的较小的大亨庄园1，即不属于社会最上层，而是属于社会阶梯较低的个人或集体的庄园，在考古学讨论中引起的关注要少得多（但参见例如Widgren 1998; Ethelberg 2003，310 ff; Carlie & Artursson 2005，218 ff）。这些庄园建筑群的外观和规模与大规模的农场建筑群不同，但没有显示出任何明显的贵族生活方式或特殊功能的痕迹，如专门的工艺。在这篇文章中，我选择了这样一种较小的大亨庄园。经验的出发点是斯堪尼亚西南部特雷勒堡的Västervång遗址，几年前，国家遗产委员会的南部保护部（UV Syd）调查了Vendel晚期和维京海盗时代的一个大型定居点的部分，其中还包含一个大型房地产建筑群的遗迹（Ericson & Carlie 2006）。该庄园可以在现场的两个定居阶段进行跟踪，但在其他方面并不因其发现而与众不同。其目的是了解韦斯特旺庄园和其他类似建筑群在各自时代的代表性。这些单位的面积与其他当代定居点的面积相比，
Just a few decades ago, the research picture of the social dimensions of Iron Age settlement in southern Scandinavia was still rather hazy. As a result of the more systematic use of metal detectors on sites, the state of our knowledge today is completely different, and details are beginning to stand out. One of the phenomena that can be clearly discerned is the complexes of large estates with halls from the Late Iron Age and Viking Age. Based on similarities in building styles and organization, it has been suggested that these sites should be regarded as exponents of a collective aristocratic network of individuals and groups which gave certain families a special social position above others. A characteristic feature of these estates, which is believed to distinguish them from other more ordinary farms, is the occurrence of sequences of halls. In a study of the complex at Järrestad in south-east Scania, Bengt Söderberg uses the hall as a distinguishing element, which can be followed on the same site during several successive phases (Söderberg 2005, 107). Excavated farms with sequences of halls are at present known from five places in southern Scandinavia. Apart from Järrestad there are three sites in Zealand, represented by Tissø on the west side of the island, towards the Great Belt (Jørgensen 2002), Lejre in Roskilde Fjord (Christensen 1997), and Strøby Toftegård at Stevns on the east side of the island, by the Sound (Tornbjerg 1998). The fifth site is at Slöinge in Halland, by the Kattegat (Lundqvist 2003). Uppåkra in south-west Scania should also be added to the group, with its sequence of halls, although the relationship to a contemporary estate complex has not yet been clarified (Larsson & Lenntorp 2004). In a comparative study Söderberg urges caution, saying that we should not ascribe too much importance to the geographical distribution of the sites, since new finds can quickly change the picture. At the same time, he notes the lack of sites with sequences of halls in Jutland and Funen, despite the fact that several large estates with halls have been excavated in these areas (Söderberg 2005, 112f). Smaller magnate estates1 from the Late Iron Age and Viking Age, that is, estates not belonging to the uppermost stratum of society, but to individuals or collectives who were lower down the social ladder, have attracted much less attention in the archaeological discussion (but see eg Widgren 1998; Ethelberg 2003, 310ff; Carlie & Artursson 2005, 218ff). These are estate complexes which differ from the mass of farms through their appearance and size, but do not show any explicit traces of an aristocratic lifestyle or special functions such as specialized craft.In this article I have chosen to focus on one such type of smaller magnate estate. The empirical point of departure is the Västervång site at Trelleborg in south-west Scania, where the Southern Excavations Department (UV Syd) of the National Heritage Board a few years ago investigated parts of a large settlement from the Late Vendel Period and Viking Age which also contained remains of a large estate complex (Ericson & Carlie 2006). The estate can be followed during two settlement phases on the site, but otherwise does not distinguish itself by its finds. The aim is to understand what the estate at Västervång and other similar complexes represented in their own times. Should the size of these units in relation to other contemporary settlement be viewed solely as a reflection