Black Carbon and Inorganic Aerosols in Arctic Snowpack
Black Carbon and Inorganic Aerosols in Arctic Snowpack
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DOI：
10.1029/2019jd030623
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发表时间：
2019-12
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
T. Mori;K. Goto‐Azuma;Y. Kondo;Yoshimi Ogawa‐Tsukagawa;K. Miura;M. Hirabayashi;N. Oshima;M. Koike;K. Kupiainen;N. Moteki;S. Ohata;P. Sinha;K. Sugiura;T. Aoki;M. Schneebeli;K. Steffen;A. Sato;Akane Tsushima;V. Makarov;S. Omiya;A. Sugimoto;Shinya Takano;Naoko Nagatsuka
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文献类型：
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作者：
T. Mori;K. Goto‐Azuma;Y. Kondo;Yoshimi Ogawa‐Tsukagawa;K. Miura;M. Hirabayashi;N. Oshima;M. Koike;K. Kupiainen;N. Moteki;S. Ohata;P. Sinha;K. Sugiura;T. Aoki;M. Schneebeli;K. Steffen;A. Sato;Akane Tsushima;V. Makarov;S. Omiya;A. Sugimoto;Shinya Takano;Naoko Nagatsuka
沉积在雪上的黑碳（BC）降低了其反照率，可能导致北极变暖。大气中BC和无机气溶胶的分布也受到沉积的很大影响，它们直接或间接地对辐射强迫作出贡献。为了量化这些影响，需要对北极不同地区积雪中具有代表性的无机气溶胶（以下简称无机气溶胶）的BC和离子种类的空间分布进行精确测量，但这样的测量很少。2012-2016年早春，我们分别在芬兰、阿拉斯加、西伯利亚、格陵兰和斯匹次卑尔根地区使用单粒子烟尘光度计和离子色谱法测量了积雪中大小分辨BC （CMBC）和离子物质的质量浓度。积雪期单位面积总BC质量（DEPMBC）由CMBC和雪水当量（SWE）计算得到。分析表明，人为碳排放通量、总可降水量和地形的空间分布强烈影响了碳排放量、碳大小分布、SWE和DEPMBC的纬度变化。北极积雪中BC的平均粒径分布随着CMBC的减小而减小，这是由于在主要来源的输送过程中，较大的BC颗粒的去除效率增加。我们对CMBC的测量结果比以前用积分球/积分三明治分光光度计进行的测量结果低了约13倍，这主要是由于共存的非BC颗粒（如矿物粉尘）的干扰。这里提供的SP2数据将有助于约束气候模型来估计BC对北极气候的影响。
Black carbon (BC) deposited on snow lowers its albedo, potentially contributing to warming in the Arctic. Atmospheric distributions of BC and inorganic aerosols, which contribute directly and indirectly to radiative forcing, are also greatly influenced by depositions. To quantify these effects, accurate measurement of the spatial distributions of BC and ionic species representative of inorganic aerosols (ionic species hereafter) in snowpack in various regions of the Arctic is needed, but few such measurements are available. We measured mass concentrations of size‐resolved BC (CMBC) and ionic species in snowpack by using a single‐particle soot photometer and ion chromatography, respectively, over Finland, Alaska, Siberia, Greenland, and Spitsbergen during early spring in 2012–2016. Total BC mass deposited per unit area (DEPMBC) during snow accumulation periods was derived from CMBC and snow water equivalent (SWE). Our analyses showed that the spatial distributions of anthropogenic BC emission flux, total precipitable water, and topography strongly influenced latitudinal variations of CMBC, BC size distributions, SWE, and DEPMBC. The average size distributions of BC in Arctic snowpack shifted to smaller sizes with decreasing CMBC due to an increase in the removal efficiency of larger BC particles during transport from major sources. Our measurements of CMBC were lower by a factor of ~13 than previous measurements made with an Integrating Sphere/Integrating Sandwich spectrophotometer due mainly to interference from coexisting non‐BC particles such as mineral dust. The SP2 data presented here will be useful for constraining climate models that estimate the effects of BC on the Arctic climate.