Nutritional modulation of resistance to infectious diseases
Nutritional modulation of resistance to infectious diseases
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DOI：
10.1093/ps/77.8.1119
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发表时间：
1998-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Klasing, KC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Klasing, KC
饮食特征可以调节鸟类对感染挑战的敏感性，营养水平或成分类型的微妙影响有时可能是至关重要的。本文综述了家禽对传染病抗性的七种营养调节机制。1)营养可能会影响免疫系统的发育，无论是在卵子中还是在产后的第一周。影响发育事件的微量营养素缺乏，如淋巴器官的播种和淋巴细胞克隆的克隆性扩张，可能会在以后的生活中对免疫系统产生负面影响。2)营养物质的底物作用是免疫应答所必需的，这样应答细胞才能分裂和合成效应分子。与生长或产蛋相比，支持正常免疫系统的营养物质的数量需求，以及感染挑战期间白细胞的增殖和抗体的产生，是非常小的。与大多数传染性挑战相伴的全身性急性阶段反应很可能是比免疫系统本身更重要的营养消耗。3)体液中某些营养素(如铁)的低浓度使其成为入侵病原体增殖的限制底物，在免疫反应过程中这些营养素的供应进一步受到限制。4)某些营养素(如脂肪酸和维生素A、D、E)通过与细胞内受体结合或改变第二信使的释放，对白细胞有直接的调节作用。5)饮食也可能有由经典内分泌系统调节的间接调节作用。6)饮食的物理和化学方面可以改变胃肠道中的微生物种群、病原体附着到肠细胞的能力以及肠道上皮的完整性。
Dietary characteristics can modulate a bird's susceptibility to infectious challenges and subtle influences due to the level of nutrients or the types of ingredients may at times be of critical importance. This review considers seven mechanisms for nutritional modulation of resistance to infectious disease in poultry. 1) Nutrition may impact the development of the immune system, both in ovo and in the first weeks posthatch. Micronutrient deficiencies that affect developmental events, such as the seeding of lymphoid organs and clonal expansion of lymphocyte clones, can negatively impact the immune system later in Life. 2) A substrate role of nutrients is necessary for the immune response so that responding cells can divide and synthesize effector molecules. The quantitative need for nutrients for supporting a normal immune system, as well as the proliferation of leukocytes and the production of antibodies during an infectious challenge, is very small relative to uses for growth or egg production. It is Likely that the systemic acute phase response that accompanies most infectious challenges is a more significant consumer of nutrients than the immune system itself. 3) The low concentrations of some nutrients (e.g., iron) in body fluids makes them the limiting substrates for the proliferation of invading pathogens and the supply of these nutrients is further limited during the immune response. 4) Some nutrients (e.g., fatty acids and vitamins A, D, and E) have direct regulatory actions on leukocytes by binding to intracellular receptors or by modifying the release of second messengers. 5) The diet may also have indirect regulatory effects that are mediated by the classical endocrine system. 6) Physical and chemical aspects of the diet can modify the populations of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, the capacity of pathogens to attach to enterocytes, and the integrity of the intestinal epithelium.