Not seeing or feeling is still believing: conscious and non-conscious pain modulation after direct and observational learning.
Not seeing or feeling is still believing: conscious and non-conscious pain modulation after direct and observational learning.
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DOI：
10.1038/srep16809
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发表时间：
2015-11-18
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Kong J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Egorova N;Park J;Orr SP;Kirsch I;Gollub RL;Kong J
我们对世界的经验不仅直接通过个人接触形成，而且间接通过观察他人并从他们的经验中学习。使用条件反射范式，我们调查了如何直接和观察学习的信息可以影响疼痛感知，有意识和无意识的。直接和观察到的线索之间的差异表现在更高的疼痛评级和更大的皮肤电导反应直接经历的线索。然而，条件反射产生的疼痛调制效应与直接学习和观察学习的疼痛调制效应具有可比性。这些结果表明，社会观察可以诱导积极和消极的疼痛调制。重要的是，通过观察学习并无意识激活的线索仍然产生了强大的条件作用，经受住了灭绝，这一事实突出了间接暴露在安慰剂和反安慰剂效应中的作用。
Our experience with the world is shaped not only directly through personal exposure but also indirectly through observing others and learning from their experiences. Using a conditioning paradigm, we investigated how directly and observationally learned information can affect pain perception, both consciously and non-consciously. Differences between direct and observed cues were manifest in higher pain ratings and larger skin conductance responses to directly experienced cues. However, the pain modulation effects produced by conditioning were of comparable magnitude for direct and observational learning. These results suggest that social observation can induce positive and negative pain modulation. Importantly, the fact that cues learned by observation and activated non-consciously still produced a robust conditioning effect that withstood extinction highlights the role of indirect exposure in placebo and nocebo effects.