The Effects of Stress Hormones on Immune Function May be Vital for the Adaptive Reconfiguration of the Immune System During Fight-or-Flight Behavior
The Effects of Stress Hormones on Immune Function May be Vital for the Adaptive Reconfiguration of the Immune System During Fight-or-Flight Behavior
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DOI：
10.1093/icb/icu005
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发表时间：
2014-09-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Adamo, Shelley A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Adamo, Shelley A.
强烈的短期压力（即，战斗或逃跑反应的强烈激活）通常在整个门的动物中产生对疾病的抵抗力的短暂下降。应激反应的化学介质（E。例如，在一个实施例中，应激激素）帮助诱导这种下降，表明这种短暂的免疫抑制是一种进化的反应。然而，确定应激激素对免疫功能的作用是困难的，因为它们的复杂性。尽管如此，有证据表明，压力激素有助于在生理变化期间保持对疾病的最大抵抗力，以优化身体进行激烈的体力活动。对昆虫的研究表明，应激激素在战斗或逃跑反应中既会分流免疫系统的资源，也会重新配置免疫系统。重新配置免疫系统可以最大限度地减少这些资源损失的影响，并降低由于战斗或逃跑反应所需的生理变化而增加的某些免疫功能的成本。例如，在蟋蟀Gryllus texensis的应激反应期间，一些分子资源从免疫系统转向脂质运输，导致对疾病的抵抗力降低。然而，昆虫的免疫细胞（血细胞）有章鱼胺（昆虫应激神经激素）的受体。章鱼胺增加了许多血细胞功能，如吞噬作用，这些变化往往会减轻由于分子资源的损失而导致的免疫力下降。此外，由于应激反应产生氧化应激，因此当在应激反应期间激活时，一些免疫反应可能更昂贵（例如，产生反应性分子的那些）。其中一些免疫反应在蟋蟀的应激过程中受到抑制，而另一些免疫反应在应激反应中可能不会增加，但会增强。应激激素对免疫系统的某些影响可能更好地理解为重新配置的例子，而不是调解权衡。
Intense, short-term stress (i.e., robust activation of the fight-or-flight response) typically produces a transient decline in resistance to disease in animals across phyla. Chemical mediators of the stress response (e. g., stress hormones) help induce this decline, suggesting that this transient immunosuppression is an evolved response. However, determining the function of stress hormones on immune function is difficult because of their complexity. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that stress hormones help maintain maximal resistance to disease during the physiological changes needed to optimize the body for intense physical activity. Work on insects demonstrates that stress hormones both shunt resources away from the immune system during fight-or-flight responses as well as reconfigure the immune system. Reconfiguring the immune system minimizes the impact of the loss of these resources and reduces the increased costs of some immune functions due to the physiological changes demanded by the fight-or-flight response. For example, during the stress response of the cricket Gryllus texensis, some molecular resources are shunted away from the immune system and toward lipid transport, resulting in a reduction in resistance to disease. However, insects' immune cells (hemocytes) have receptors for octopamine (the insect stress neurohormone). Octopamine increases many hemocyte functions, such as phagocytosis, and these changes would tend to mitigate the decline in immunity due to the loss of molecular resources. Moreover, because the stress response generates oxidative stress, some immune responses are probably more costly when activated during a stress response (e.g., those that produce reactive molecules). Some of these immune responses are depressed during stress in crickets, while others, whose costs are probably not increased during a stress response, are enhanced. Some effects of stress hormones on immune systems may be better understood as examples of reconfiguration rather than as mediating a trade-off.