Modern Attitudes Toward Older Adults in the Aging World: A Cross-Cultural Meta-Analysis
Modern Attitudes Toward Older Adults in the Aging World: A Cross-Cultural Meta-Analysis
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DOI：
10.1037/a0039469
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发表时间：
2015-09-01
影响因子：
22.4
通讯作者：
Fiske, Susan T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
North, Michael S.;Fiske, Susan T.
普遍的信仰表明，东方文化比西方文化更尊重老年人，这是由于孝道的集体主义传统更强。然而，在现代工业化社会中，人口老龄化急剧上升所带来的压力可能会威胁到传统的文化期望。针对这些相互竞争的假设，文献检索找到了37篇符合条件的论文，包括来自23个国家和21，093名参与者的样本，直接比较了东方人和西方人（根据联合国公约分类）对老龄化和老年人的态度。与传统观点相反，对这些文章进行的随机效应荟萃分析发现，总体而言，东部地区的此类评价更为负面（标准化平均差异= -0.31）。研究比较的高度异质性表明存在调节因素;事实上，地理区域成为一个重要的调节因素，东亚（与南亚和东南亚相比）和非英语欧洲（与北美和英语西部地区相比）出现了最强的高级贬损。在国家一级，多重调节元回归分析证实，在控制了同一时期工业化本身的情况下，最近人口老龄化的上升在很大程度上预示着老年人的消极态度。出乎意料的是，这些分析还发现，文化个人主义显著预测了相对积极性，这表明，在快速老龄化的社会中，集体主义传统可能会适得其反。研究结果表明，人口挑战在塑造对老年人的现代态度方面的重要性，为未来在年龄歧视，跨文化心理学，甚至经济发展方面的研究提供了考虑，因为地球仪的社会容纳了前所未有的老年公民数量。
Prevailing beliefs suggest that Eastern cultures hold older adults in higher esteem than Western cultures do, due to stronger collectivist traditions of filial piety. However, in modern, industrialized societies, the strain presented by dramatic rises in population aging potentially threatens traditional cultural expectations. Addressing these competing hypotheses, a literature search located 37 eligible papers, comprising samples from 23 countries and 21,093 total participants, directly comparing Easterners and Westerners (as classified per U.N. conventions) in their attitudes toward aging and the aged. Contradicting conventional wisdom, a random-effects meta-analysis on these articles found such evaluations to be more negative in the East overall (standardized mean difference = -0.31). High heterogeneity in study comparisons suggested the presence of moderators; indeed, geographical region emerged as a significant moderating factor, with the strongest levels of senior derogation emerging in East Asia (compared with South and Southeast Asia) and non-Anglophone Europe (compared with North American and Anglophone Western regions). At the country level, multiple-moderator meta-regression analysis confirmed recent rises in population aging to significantly predict negative elder attitudes, controlling for industrialization per se over the same time period. Unexpectedly, these analyses also found that cultural individualism significantly predicted relative positivity-suggesting that, for generating elder respect within rapidly aging societies, collectivist traditions may backfire. The findings suggest the importance of demographic challenges in shaping modern attitudes toward elders-presenting considerations for future research in ageism, cross-cultural psychology, and even economic development, as societies across the globe accommodate unprecedented numbers of older citizens.