Climate Impacts on Arctic Freshwater Ecosystems and Fisheries: Background, Rationale and Approach of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA)
Climate Impacts on Arctic Freshwater Ecosystems and Fisheries: Background, Rationale and Approach of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA)
复制标题
气候对北极淡水生态系统和渔业的影响：北极气候影响评估（ACIA）的背景、原理和方法
作者：
F. Wrona;T. Prowse;J. Reist;J. Hobbie;L. Lévesque;W. Vincent
摘要北极气候和紫外线辐射水平的变化将产生深远的影响，影响不同营养水平的水生物种、构成其栖息地的物理和化学环境以及作用于淡水生态系统和淡水生态系统内的过程。温度和降水等气候变量与淡水生态系统的相互作用非常复杂，可能以难以预测的方式在整个生态系统中传播。这部分是因为对北极淡水系统及其与气候和其他环境变量的基本相互关系了解不深，部分是因为北极缺乏长期淡水监测点和综合水生态研究计划。本期特刊的论文是25位国际专家及其相关网络对北极淡水水文学和相关水生生态系统的分析的摘要，北极气候影响评估最初于2005年出版了题为“第8章--淡水生态系统和渔业”的报告。这些文件概述了北极各种淡水生态系统的一般水文和生态特征，包括对每个相思地区的描述，然后回顾了全新世期间淡水系统的历史变化。随后评估了气候变化对大范围水文生态的影响；水生生物群和生态系统的结构和功能；以及北极鱼类和渔业。还讨论了潜在的协同效应和累积效应，以及紫外线辐射和污染物的作用。许多影响的性质和复杂性用环极北部的案例研究加以说明，并讨论了重要的阈值反应(即产生阶梯式和/或非线性效应的反应)。该问题最后总结了主要调查结果、科学理解方面的差距清单以及与政策有关的建议。
Abstract Changes in climate and ultraviolet radiation levels in the Arctic will have far-reaching impacts, affecting aquatic species at various trophic levels, the physical and chemical environment that makes up their habitat, and the processes that act on and within freshwater ecosystems. Interactions of climatic variables, such as temperature and precipitation, with freshwater ecosystems are highly complex and can propagate through the ecosystem in ways that are difficult to project. This is partly due to a poor understanding of arctic freshwater systems and their basic interrelationships with climate and other environmental variables, and partly due to a paucity of long-term freshwater monitoring sites and integrated hydro-ecological research programs in the Arctic. The papers in this special issue are an abstraction of the analyses performed by 25 international experts and their associated networks on Arctic freshwater hydrology and related aquatic ecosystems that was initially published by the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) in 2005 as “Chapter 8 - Freshwater Ecosystems and Fisheries”. The papers provide a broad overview of the general hydrological and ecological features of the various freshwater ecosystems in the Arctic, including descriptions of each ACIA region, followed by a review of historical changes in freshwater systems during the Holocene. This is followed by an assessment of the effects of climate change on broad-scale hydro-ecology; aquatic biota and ecosystem structure and function; and arctic fish and fisheries. Potential synergistic and cumulative effects are also discussed, as are the roles of ultraviolet radiation and contaminants. The nature and complexity of many of the effects are illustrated using case studies from around the circumpolar north, together with a discussion of important threshold responses (i.e., those that produce stepwise and/or nonlinear effects). The issue concludes with summary the key findings, a list of gaps in scientific understanding, and policy-related recommendations.