Consistent and flexible thermodynamics in atmospheric models using internal energy as a thermodynamic potential. Part I: Equilibrium regime
Consistent and flexible thermodynamics in atmospheric models using internal energy as a thermodynamic potential. Part I: Equilibrium regime
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使用内能作为热力学势的大气模型中一致且灵活的热力学。
DOI：
10.1002/qj.4385
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
8.9
通讯作者：
Bowen P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bowen P
大气模式中湿热力学的近似往往是不一致的；数值模式的不同部分可能以不同的方式处理热力学，或者近似可能不符合热力学定律。为了解决这些问题，所有相关的热力学参数都可以从定义的热力学势导出；取而代之的是对势能本身进行近似--这保证了自洽和灵活性。以前的工作表明，这一概念对于使用吉布斯势的潮湿大气系统中的蒸汽和液态水混合物是可行的。然而，在扩展到包括冰相时，在三点处遇到了歧义。为了解决这种模糊性，这里使用的是内在能量。然后，可以使用关于熵的约束最大化方法来求解系统的均衡状态。然而，对于现实的大气系统来说，有必要进一步扩展，因为在那里发生了许多重要的非平衡过程；例如，过冷水冻结和蒸发成不饱和空气。为了完全捕捉到这样的过程，平衡法必须重新表述，使其包含有限的接近均衡的速率。这里使用非平衡热力学原理，从一组唯象方程开始，说明非平衡湿过程如何耦合到半隐式半拉格朗日动力学核心。给出了标准气泡测试案例和理想化云热的模拟，以证明该方法在平衡区的可行性。关于非平衡制度的进一步细节和结果载于第二部分。
Approximations in the moist thermodynamics of atmospheric models can often be inconsistent; different parts of numerical models may handle the thermodynamics in different ways, or the approximations may disagree with the laws of thermodynamics. To address these problems, all relevant thermodynamic quantities may be derived from a defined thermodynamic potential; approximations are instead made to the potential itself—this guarantees self‐consistency, as well as flexibility. Previous work showed that this concept is viable for vapour and liquid water mixtures in a moist atmospheric system using the Gibbs potential. However, on extension to include the ice phase, an ambiguity is encountered at the triple point. To resolve this ambiguity, here the internal energy is used instead. Constrained maximisation methods on the entropy can then be used to solve for the system equilibrium state. Nevertheless, a further extension is necessary for realistic atmospheric systems, where many importantnon‐equilibriumprocesses take place; for example, freezing of supercooled water and evaporation into subsaturated air. To capture processes such as these fully, the equilibrium method must be reformulated to involve finite rates of approach towards equilibrium. Here the principles of non‐equilibrium thermodynamics are used, beginning with a set of phenomenological equations, to show how non‐equilibrium moist processes may be coupled to a semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian dynamical core. Standard bubble test cases and simulations of idealised cloudy thermals are presented to demonstrate the viability of the approach for the equilibrium regime. Further details and results for non‐equilibrium regimes are presented in Part II.
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