Cryoelectron tomography of HIV-1 envelope spikes: further evidence for tripod-like legs.

Cryoelectron tomography of HIV-1 envelope spikes: further evidence for tripod-like legs.
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HIV-1 包膜尖峰的冷冻电子断层扫描:三脚架状腿的进一步证据

DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1000203
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发表时间:
2008-11
期刊:
影响因子:
6.7
通讯作者:
Roux KH
Roux KH
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Zhu P;Winkler H;Chertova E;Taylor KA;Roux KH

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详细了解 HIV-1 包膜(Env)尖峰的形态是了解病毒发病机制和设计疫苗的关键。我们以前曾展示过 SIV 病毒上 Env 尖峰的冷冻电子显微断层图(cryoET)。在 gp120 头部和 gp41 柄部区域发现了几个结构特征。最值得注意的可能是从尖峰头部基部向病毒膜斜向伸出的三条伸展腿。随后,另一个研究小组发表了第二张 SIV 穗状病毒的三维图像,该图像也是通过低温电子显微镜获得的,其特征是一个紧凑的垂直柄。我们现在报告的是利用增强型分析低温电子显微镜程序对 HIV-1 病毒相关 Env 穗状病毒进行的低温电子显微镜分析。我们使用补偿 "缺失的楔形 "和不强加任何对称性的算法,对 2000 多个 Env 穗状体进行了初步筛选、对齐和结构分类。结果显示,不同结构类别的形态各异:一些类别的头部结构域显示出三聚体;几乎所有类别都显示出两或三条腿,但在头部或腿部都没有观察到明确的三倍对称性。随后,在对头部和腿部体积进行独立排列和分类时,出现了更清晰的三聚体头部结构域和三条伸展腿的证据。这些数据表明,HIV-1 和 SIV 一样,也显示出类似三脚架的腿部结构,而且出乎意料的是,gp41 腿部也显示出相当大的灵活性/异形性。gp41 的三脚架样模型符合并有助于解释该区域的许多独特生物物理和免疫学特征。 HIV-1 和 SIV 病毒表面的包膜(Env)尖峰可促进靶细胞趋向、结合和进入,并成为体液(抗体介导)免疫的唯一目标。X 射线晶体学之前已经揭示了 gp120 和 gp41 Env 穗状亚基的关键核心结构域和肽的原子结构,但这些成分在 Env 穗状亚基中的排列方式仍有待推测。低温电子断层扫描(cryoET)可以观察完整病毒的整个Env尖峰。我们曾发表过一个 SIV Env 穗状病毒的低温电子断层扫描模型,该模型显示了暴露在溶剂中的(外部)gp41 柄区独特的三脚架式腿部结构。该模型符合并有助于解释该区域的许多独特生物物理和免疫学特征。随后,另一个使用类似技术和病毒的研究小组报告了一个尖峰模型,该模型显示了一个紧凑的 gp41 柄,与我们的伸展腿尖峰模型不一致。在本报告中,我们采用了增强的低温电子显微分析程序,结果表明 HIV-1 也显示出类似三脚架的脚部结构,并显示出相当大的 gp41 脚部灵活性/异形性。这些结果对设计针对该区域的有效疫苗具有重要意义,并可能为 Env 穗功能提供新的见解。
A detailed understanding of the morphology of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) spike is key to understanding viral pathogenesis and for informed vaccine design. We have previously presented a cryoelectron microscopic tomogram (cryoET) of the Env spikes on SIV virions. Several structural features were noted in the gp120 head and gp41 stalk regions. Perhaps most notable was the presence of three splayed legs projecting obliquely from the base of the spike head toward the viral membrane. Subsequently, a second 3D image of SIV spikes, also obtained by cryoET, was published by another group which featured a compact vertical stalk. We now report the cryoET analysis of HIV-1 virion-associated Env spikes using enhanced analytical cryoET procedures. More than 2,000 Env spike volumes were initially selected, aligned, and sorted into structural classes using algorithms that compensate for the “missing wedge” and do not impose any symmetry. The results show varying morphologies between structural classes: some classes showed trimers in the head domains; nearly all showed two or three legs, though unambiguous three-fold symmetry was not observed either in the heads or the legs. Subsequently, clearer evidence of trimeric head domains and three splayed legs emerged when head and leg volumes were independently aligned and classified. These data show that HIV-1, like SIV, also displays the tripod-like leg configuration, and, unexpectedly, shows considerable gp41 leg flexibility/heteromorphology. The tripod-like model for gp41 is consistent with, and helps explain, many of the unique biophysical and immunological features of this region.
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