How much information is geospatially referenced? Networks and cognition
How much information is geospatially referenced? Networks and cognition
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DOI：
10.1080/13658816.2012.743664
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发表时间：
2013-06-01
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Burghardt, Dirk
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hahmann, Stefan;Burghardt, Dirk
本文的目的是为支持（或反对）经常被引用的断言（即 80% 的信息都是地理空间参考的）提供证据基础。为此，提出了两种旨在捕获用户生成内容中地理空间参考信息部分的方法：网络方法和认知方法。在网络方法中，使用德语维基百科作为研究语料库。它被认为是一个网络，其中文章为节点，链接为边。引入地理空间参考网络度（NDGR）作为衡量网络逼近的指标。我们将 NDGR 定义为任何维基百科文章与网络中最接近的文章（标题中标有坐标）之间的最短路径。采用这种方法对德语维基百科的分析表明，78% 的文章本身都有坐标，或者直接链接到至少一篇具有地理空间坐标的文章。认知方法通过地理空间参考（CGR）的类别来体现：直接、间接和非地理空间参考。这些是人类可以区分和应用的类别。进行了一项包含 380 名参与者的实证研究。综合这两种方法的结果，目的是 (1) 检查 NDGR 与人类对地理空间参考的概念化之间的相关性；(2) 将地理空间信息与非地理空间信息分开。从综合结果可以得出结论，维基百科内 5659% 的文章可以被认为是直接或间接引用地理空间的。因此，本文描述了一种检查可使用图形建模的信息语料库（例如万维网、语义网和维基百科）的“80% 断言”有效性的方法。对于此处调查的语料库（维基百科），无法确认“80% 断言”，但需要将其重新表述为“60% 断言”。
The aim of this article is to provide a basis in evidence for (or against) the much-quoted assertion that 80% of all information is geospatially referenced. For this purpose, two approaches are presented that are intended to capture the portion of geospatially referenced information in user-generated content: a network approach and a cognitive approach. In the network approach, the German Wikipedia is used as a research corpus. It is considered a network with the articles being nodes and the links being edges. The Network Degree of Geospatial Reference (NDGR) is introduced as an indicator to measure the network approach. We define NDGR as the shortest path between any Wikipedia article and the closest article within the network that is labeled with coordinates in its headline. An analysis of the German Wikipedia employing this approach shows that 78% of all articles have a coordinate themselves or are directly linked to at least one article that has geospatial coordinates. The cognitive approach is manifested by the categories of geospatial reference (CGR): direct, indirect, and non-geospatial reference. These are categories that may be distinguished and applied by humans. An empirical study including 380 participants was conducted. The results of both approaches are synthesized with the aim to (1) examine correlations between NDGR and the human conceptualization of geospatial reference and (2) to separate geospatial from non-geospatial information. From the results of this synthesis, it can be concluded that 5659% of the articles within Wikipedia can be considered to be directly or indirectly geospatially referenced. The article thus describes a method to check the validity of the 80%-assertion' for information corpora that can be modeled using graphs (e.g., the World Wide Web, the Semantic Web, and Wikipedia). For the corpus investigated here (Wikipedia), the 80%-assertion' cannot be confirmed, but would need to be reformulated as a 60%-assertion'.