Function and underlying mechanisms of seasonal colour moulting in mammals and birds: what keeps them changing in a warming world?
Function and underlying mechanisms of seasonal colour moulting in mammals and birds: what keeps them changing in a warming world?
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DOI：
10.1111/brv.12405
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发表时间：
2018-08-01
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
Mills, L. Scott
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zimova, Marketa;Hacklaender, Klaus;Mills, L. Scott
生活在温带和极地的动物具有特殊的特征，有助于它们在严酷的季节性环境中生存。一个特别重要的适应是季节性毛色（SCC）换羽。分布在北方的20多种鸟类和哺乳动物经历了两年一次的颜色变化，从夏天的棕色到冬天的完全白色。但是，随着气候变化减少积雪的持续时间，季节性的冬季白色物种（包括雪鞋兔美洲兔，北极狐狐和杨柳松鸡Lagopus lagopus）成为高度对比黑暗的无雪背景。伪装不匹配和适应潜力的负面影响是保护的高度兴趣。在这里，我们提供了第一个全面的审查跨鸟类和哺乳动物的适应价值和机制的基础SCC换羽。我们发现，跨物种，SCC换羽的主要功能是季节性伪装对雪，光周期是换羽物候的主要驱动力。其次，虽然许多潜在的机制仍不清楚，哺乳动物物种在毛发生长，神经内分泌控制，以及内在和外在因素对换羽物候的影响的某些方面有相似之处。鸟类中SCC蜕皮的基本基础了解较少，并且在几个方面与哺乳动物不同。最后，我们的综合表明，由于有限的可塑性SCC换羽，进化适应将是必要的调解未来的伪装失配和SCC换羽的详细了解将需要在气候变化下有效地管理人口。
Animals that occupy temperate and polar regions have specialized traits that help them survive in harsh, highly seasonal environments. One particularly important adaptation is seasonal coat colour (SCC) moulting. Over 20 species of birds and mammals distributed across the northern hemisphere undergo complete, biannual colour change from brown in the summer to completely white in the winter. But as climate change decreases duration of snow cover, seasonally winter white species (including the snowshoe hare Lepus americanus, Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus and willow ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus) become highly contrasted against dark snowless backgrounds. The negative consequences of camouflage mismatch and adaptive potential is of high interest for conservation. Here we provide the first comprehensive review across birds and mammals of the adaptive value and mechanisms underpinning SCC moulting. We found that across species, the main function of SCC moults is seasonal camouflage against snow, and photoperiod is the main driver of the moult phenology. Next, although many underlying mechanisms remain unclear, mammalian species share similarities in some aspects of hair growth, neuroendocrine control, and the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on moult phenology. The underlying basis of SCC moults in birds is less understood and differs from mammals in several aspects. Lastly, our synthesis suggests that due to limited plasticity in SCC moulting, evolutionary adaptation will be necessary to mediate future camouflage mismatch and a detailed understanding of the SCC moulting will be needed to manage populations effectively under climate change.