Computer Sound Synthesis in 1951: The Music of CSIRAC
Computer Sound Synthesis in 1951: The Music of CSIRAC
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1951 年的计算机声音合成：CSIRAC 的音乐
DOI：
10.1162/014892604322970616
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Paul Doornbusch
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Paul Doornbusch
计算机音乐杂志，28：1，pp。10-25，2004年春季q 2004马萨诸塞州理工学院。澳大利亚制造的“自动计算机”最初被称为CSIR Mk 1，后来被称为CSIRAC，是世界上最早的存储程序电子数字计算机之一（威廉姆斯1997）。(See图1.）巧合的是，它也可能是第一台播放音乐的计算机，尽管后来在20世纪50年代在其他地方完成的工作显然是我们今天所知道的计算机音乐的起源。科学与工业研究理事会于20世纪40年代末在悉尼开发了Mk 1，并于1949年11月运行了第一个计划。数学家、澳大利亚第一位真实的软件工程师杰夫·希尔（Geoff Hill）从1951年（如果不是1950年的话）开始为CSIR Mk 1编程，使其能够通过扬声器播放流行的音乐旋律。CSIR Mk 1于1955年6月被转移到墨尔本大学，并更名为CSIRAC（McCann和Thorne 2000）。在1964年之前，它在那里进行了有益的和开拓性的服务。在CSIRAC在墨尔本的那段时间里，数学教授托马斯·切里（Thomas Cherry）将其编程为演奏音乐，开发了一个系统和程序，使得任何理解标准音乐符号的人都可以为CSIRAC制作一个穿孔纸数据磁带来演奏音乐。虽然与当时最先进的音乐发展相比，CSIR Mk 1演奏的音乐可能看起来粗糙而不起眼，特别是与现在可能的音乐相比，它可能是世界上第一个在计算机上演奏的音乐，并且生产手段处于当时技术复杂性的前沿。这些在音乐意义上使用计算机的最初步骤是孤立发生的，但它们仍然很有趣，因为使用通用计算机的灵活性来创作音乐的想象力的飞跃以及实现它所需的编程独创性是非常重要的。CSIRAC在这方面采取了一些初步措施。CSIRAC概述
Computer Music Journal, 28:1, pp. 10–25, Spring 2004 q 2004 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Australian-built ‘‘automatic computer’’ initially known as the CSIR Mk1, and later known as CSIRAC, was one of the world’s earliest storedprogram electronic digital computers (Williams 1997). (See Figure 1.) Coincidentally, it may also have been the rst computer to play music, even though later work done elsewhere in the 1950s is clearly the origin of computer music as we know the eld today. Developed in Sydney in the late 1940s by the Council for Scienti c and Industrial Research (CSIR), the CSIR Mk1 ran its rst program in November 1949. Geoff Hill, a mathematician and Australia’s rst real software engineer, programmed the CSIR Mk1 to play popular musical melodies through its loudspeaker starting in 1951, if not 1950. The CSIR Mk1 was moved to the University of Melbourne in June 1955 and renamed CSIRAC (McCann and Thorne 2000). It performed useful and trailblazing service there until 1964. During CSIRAC’s time in Melbourne, the mathematics professor Thomas Cherry programmed it to perform music, developing a system and program such that anyone who understood standard musical notation could create a punched-paper data tape for CSIRAC to perform that music. Although the music performed by the CSIR Mk1 may seem crude and unremarkable compared to the most advanced musical developments of the time, and especially to what is possible now, it is probably the rst music in the world to be performed on a computer, and the means of production lay at the leading edge of technological sophistication at that time. These rst steps of using a computer in a musical sense occurred in isolation, but they are still interesting, because the leap of imagination in using the exibility of a general-purpose computer to create music and the programming ingenuity required to achieve it are signi cant. CSIRAC took some initial steps in that direction. An Overview of CSIRAC