Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining in the Japanese Public Service
Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining in the Japanese Public Service
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日本公共服务中的劳资关系和集体谈判
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3509-1
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
AKiko Izumo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
薬師寺克行;出岡直也;野田遊;薬師寺克行;出雲明子;野田遊;越智敏夫;薬師寺克行;石田淳;Yu Noda;川田 稔;出雲明子;川田稔;岡野八代;薬師寺克行;Yu Noda;出雲明子;岡野八代;野田遊;薬師寺克行;野田遊;岡野八代;AKiko Izumo
美国与工会有着长期的联系。其中先驱者包括全国邮递员协会，该协会于 1888 年游说国会通过 8 小时工作日。工会还负责通过重要的立法，例如支持雇员权利的《劳埃德-拉福莱特法案》(1912 年)、《退休法案》(1920 年) 和《分类法案》(1923 年)。这些法律和其他法律表明了工会在人事管理中的重要性。总体而言，工会的任务是通过谈判争取更好的工资和福利。此外，工会致力于消除雇主行为的任意性。尽管组织对员工有好处，但对工会也有影响。首先，工会往往会增加组织成本并经常造成混乱，特别是当他们诉诸停工和罢工时。罢工往往会降低公众对工会权力的支持。但公众仍然对他们对工会领导人的支持程度持怀疑态度（Panagopoulos 和 Francia 2008）。工会成员占劳动力的比例为 7.2%，创历史新低。尽管工会成员数量有所减少，但这并不意味着员工组织活动即将结束。工会仍然是积极的利益团体，并参与政治招聘和其他竞选过程。这使工会能够在公共政策的讨论和实施方面发挥公众参与和影响力的作用。在允许的情况下，工会通过竞选资金支持他们的朋友，并组建政治行动委员会。因此，当新兴的立法政策涉及工作场所雇员权利时，这一点最为重要。工会的存在在不同司法管辖区的法律框架中得到加强。没有人否认工人作为公民有权享受宪法规定的所有保护。然而，这些权利是由就业的性质和类型决定的。在公共组织中，最著名的工会是教师和警察行业的工会。
The United States has had a long association with labor unions. Among the pioneers was the National Association of Letter Carriers, which lobbied Congress to pass an 8-h workday in 1888. Unions were also responsible for passing important legislation such as the Lloyd-La Follette Act (1912), the Retirement Act (1920), and the Classification Act (1923), which supported employee rights. These and other laws demonstrate the importance of labor unions in personnel management. Overall, unions are tasked with negotiating for better wages and benefits. In addition, unions work toward the elimination of arbitrariness in employer actions. Although organizing has benefits to employees, there are also consequences for unionization. Primarily, unions tend to drive up organizational costs and frequently cause disruptions, especially if they resort to work stoppage and strikes. Strikes have had the tendency to lower public support for union power. But still, the public is skeptical about how much they support union leaders (Panagopoulos and Francia 2008). Union membership is at an all-time low of 7.2% of the workforce. Although union membership has declined, it doesn’t mean that employee organizing is coming to an end. Unions continue to be active interest groups and participate in political recruitment and other electioneering processes. This opens up unions to the realm of public engagement and influence in shaping public policy discourses and implementation. Unions, when permitted, support their friends through campaign funds and also form political action committees. Therefore, it matters most when emerging legislative policy concerns workplace employee rights.The existence of unions is reinforced in legal frameworks that vary by jurisdiction. No one denies that workers have a right, as citizens, to enjoy all protections enshrined in the Constitution. However, these rights are structured by the nature and type of employment. In public organizations, the most prominent unions are those in the teaching and police professions.