Crop architecture and crop tolerance to fungal diseases and insect herbivory. Mechanisms to limit crop losses
Crop architecture and crop tolerance to fungal diseases and insect herbivory. Mechanisms to limit crop losses
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DOI：
10.1007/s10658-012-0125-z
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发表时间：
2013-03
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Bertrand Ney;M. Bancal;P. Bancal;I. Bingham;J. Foulkes;D. Gouache;N. Paveley;Julie Smith
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bertrand Ney;M. Bancal;P. Bancal;I. Bingham;J. Foulkes;D. Gouache;N. Paveley;Julie Smith
植物对生物胁迫的耐受性（在此主要限于真菌病原体和昆虫）是植物在表达的病害或昆虫植食性存在下维持性能的能力。它不同于抗性（通过遗传和分子机制消除或限制害虫和病原体的能力）和避免（逃避流行病感染的能力）。植物对病虫害的耐受性是多种多样的，表现在不同的尺度上。器官对捕获和利用资源的贡献取决于冠层和根系结构，因此疾病和植物器官的各自位置将对作物的反应产生强烈影响。同样，当作物敏感期在害虫或病原体存在的时期之外时，耐受性增加。植物通过生产新器官或重新调动储备来补偿资源获取减少的能力也可以减轻生物胁迫效应。许多例子存在于文献中，并在本文中进行了描述。对耐受性进行量化仍然很困难，因为：（一）涉及大量的潜在机制;（二）植物、害虫和病原体的发育速度不同;（三）各种补偿机制。因此，建模是量化损失的一个宝贵工具，也是确定所涉过程优先次序的一个重要工具。
Plant tolerance to biotic stresses (mostly limited here to fungal pathogens and insects) is the ability of a plant to maintain performance in the presence of expressed disease or insect herbivory. It differs from resistance (the capacity to eliminate or limit pests and pathogens by genetic and molecular mechanisms) and avoidance (the ability to escape infection by epidemics). The ways to tolerance of pests and diseases are multiple and expressed at different scales. The contribution of organs to the capture and use of resources depends on canopy and root architecture, so the respective locations of disease and plant organs will have a strong effect on the crop’s response. Similarly, tolerance is increased when the period of crop sensitivity lies outside the period within which the pest or pathogen is present. The ability of the plant to compensate for the reduced acquisition of resources by the production of new organs or by remobilization of reserves may also mitigate biotic stress effects. Numerous examples exist in the literature and are described in this article. Quantification of tolerance remains difficult because of: (i) the large number of potential mechanisms involved; (ii) different rates of development of plants, pests and pathogens; and (iii) various compensatory mechanisms. Modelling is, therefore, a valuable tool to quantify losses, but also to prioritize the processes involved.