All States are Universal Catalysts in Quantum Thermodynamics
All States are Universal Catalysts in Quantum Thermodynamics
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DOI：
10.1103/physrevx.11.011061
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发表时间：
2020-06
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Patryk Lipka-Bartosik;Paul Skrzypczyk
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文献类型：
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作者：
Patryk Lipka-Bartosik;Paul Skrzypczyk
量子催化是一个令人着迷的概念，它表明只有在获得特定资源且必须不受影响地返回时，某些转变才可能成为可能。它首先是在纠缠理论的背景下发现的，此后应用于许多资源理论框架，包括量子热力学。尽管在这种情况下催化剂存在的必要（有时也是充分）条件是已知的，但对于转化所需的催化剂状态的精确形式几乎一无所知。特别是，尚不清楚它是否必须具有一些特殊属性或需要微调到所需的转换。在这项工作中，我们描述了多副本状态的一个令人惊讶的特性：我们表明，在受多数化支配的资源理论中，所有资源丰富的状态都是所有允许的转换的催化剂。在量子热力学中，这意味着所谓的“热力学第二定律”不需要微调催化剂，而是任何状态，只要有足够多的副本，都可以充当有用的催化剂。
Quantum catalysis is a fascinating concept which demonstrates that certain transformations can only become possible when given access to a specific resource that has to be returned unaffected. It was first discovered in the context of entanglement theory and since then applied in a number of resource-theoretic frameworks, including quantum thermodynamics. Although in that case the necessary (and sometimes also sufficient) conditions on the existence of a catalyst are known, almost nothing is known about the precise form of the catalyst state required by the transformation. In particular, it is not clear whether it has to have some special properties or be finely tuned to the desired transformation. In this work we describe a surprising property of multi-copy states: we show that in resource theories governed by majorization all resourceful states are catalysts for all allowed transformations. In quantum thermodynamics this means that the so-called "second laws of thermodynamics" do not require a fine-tuned catalyst but rather any state, given sufficiently many copies, can serve as a useful catalyst.