Emotion regulation: influences of attachment relationships.
Emotion regulation: influences of attachment relationships.
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DOI：
10.2307/1166148
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发表时间：
1994-01-01
影响因子：
9.5
通讯作者：
Cassidy, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cassidy, J
情绪调节与依恋质量密切相关。这里有人提出，影响情绪调节的个体差异的一个因素可能是儿童的依恋历史。具有接受和整合积极和消极情绪的灵活能力的个体通常具有安全依恋;另一方面，具有有限或高度消极情绪的个体更有可能具有不安全依恋。在承认婴儿气质的作用的同时，我还关注了社会因素在研究情绪调节和依恋之间的联系中所起的作用。这里采用的情绪调节方法--情绪调节在帮助孩子实现目标方面是自适应的--本质上是一种功能主义方法（Bretherton等人，1986; Campos等人，1983），这与早期认为情绪是人际关系的重要调节者的观点一致（Charlesworth，1982; Izard，1977）。有人提出，情绪调节模式对婴儿有一个重要的功能：维持与依恋对象的关系。情绪调节被描述为以两种方式发挥这一功能。首先，当婴儿的情感调节有助于婴儿对依恋系统的更普遍的调节时，维持关系的功能被认为是服务于与照顾者的经验。经历过拒绝的婴儿（不安全/回避型婴儿）被认为会尽量减少负面影响，以避免进一步拒绝的风险。婴儿的母亲已经相对不可用或不一致的可用性（不安全/矛盾的婴儿）被认为是最大化的负面影响，以增加获得经常不可用的照顾者的注意的可能性。这两种情绪调节模式都有助于确保孩子与父母保持亲密关系，从而得到保护。第二，当婴儿向父母发出信号，表示她将合作帮助维持父母自己与依恋有关的精神状态时，维持依恋关系的功能就发挥了作用。回避型婴儿的负面影响最小化表明，婴儿不会寻求会干扰父母解除依恋的回避。矛盾型婴儿的负面情绪性增强，向父母发出信号，表明婴儿需要她，从而有助于维持一种强调依恋的心理状态。这里提出的情绪调节方法与许多研究情绪社会化的工作是一致的（刘易斯和萨尔尼，1985;汤普森，1990）。
Emotion regulation and quality of attachment are closely linked. It has been proposed here that one influence on individual differences in emotion regulation may be a child's attachment history. Individuals characterized by the flexible ability to accept and integrate both positive and negative emotions are generally securely attached; on the other hand, individuals characterized by either limited or heightened negative affect are more likely to be insecurely attached. While acknowledging the role of infant temperament, I have focused on the role of social factors in examining the link between emotion regulation and attachment. The approach to emotion regulation taken here--that emotion regulation is adaptive in helping a child attain her goals--is esentially a functionalist approach (Bretherton et al., 1986; Campos et al., 1983), consistent with earlier views of emotions as important regulators of interpersonal relationships (Charlesworth, 1982; Izard, 1977). It has been proposed that patterns of emotion regulation serve an important function for the infant: the function of maintaining the relationship with the attachment figure. Emotion regulation has been described as serving this function in two ways. First, the function of maintaining the relationship is thought to be served when infant emotion regulation contributes to the infant's more generalized regulation of the attachment system in response to experiences with the caregiver. Infants who have experienced rejection (insecure/avoidant infants) are thought to minimize negative affect in order to avoid the risk of further rejection. Infants whose mothers have been relatively unavailable or inconsistently available (insecure/ambivalent infants) are thought to maximize negative affect in order to increase the likelihood of gaining the attention of a frequently unavailable caregiver. Both these patterns of emotion regulation help ensure that the child will remain close to the parent and thereby be protected. Second, the function of maintaining the attachment relationship is thought to be served when the infant signals to the parent that she will cooperate in helping maintain the parent's own state of mind in relation to attachment. The minimizing of negative affect of the avoidant infant signals that the infant will not seek caregiving that would interfere with the parent's dismissal of attachment. The heightened negative emotionality of the ambivalent infant signals to the parent that the infant needs her and thus helps maintain a state of mind in which attachment is emphasized. The approach to emotion regulation presented here is congruent with much work examining the socialization of emotions (Lewis & Saarni, 1985; Thompson, 1990).