Hormones, brain and stress.
Hormones, brain and stress.
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发表时间：
2003
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通讯作者：
E. Ronald;D. Kloet
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作者：
E. Ronald;D. Kloet
压力系统协调身体和大脑对环境的反应。压力系统的中介者施加的这种作用有两种操作模式。促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)驱动的即时反应模式通过CRH-1受体组织对应激源的行为、交感和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)反应。在另一种促进行为适应的较慢模式中，通过CRH-2受体作用的尿皮质素似乎很突出。肾上腺皮质分泌的皮质类固醇激素通过其高亲和力1型(盐皮质激素受体-MR)和低亲和力2型(糖皮质激素受体-GR)受体共同定位于边缘神经回路而参与这两种模式。目前的数据表明，MR在特定的传入中控制快速CRH-1驱动应激系统模式的阈值或敏感性，从而防止动态平衡的破坏，而GR通过在这些相同的回路中抑制应激反应和调动能量资源来促进其恢复。在为未来事件做准备时，GR促进了行为适应并促进了能量的储存。这两种应激系统模式的平衡被认为对细胞动态平衡、心理表现和健康至关重要。由基因改造或慢性应激源引起的失衡改变了认知和情感、焦虑和攻击等心理领域下的特定神经信号通路。这一阴阳应激概念是基因组策略理解皮质醇诱导的应激相关疾病的机制基础的基础，例如，严重形式的抑郁症和共病疾病。
The stress system orchestrates body and brain responses to the environment. This action exerted by the mediators of the stress system has two modes of operation. The immediate response mode driven by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) organises via CRH-1 receptors the behavioural, sympathetic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to a stressor. In the other - slower - mode, which facilitates behavioural adaptation, the urocortins acting through CRH-2 receptors seem prominent. Corticosteroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are implicated in both modes through their high affinity type 1 (mineralocorticoid receptors - MR) and lower affinity type 2 (glucocorticoid receptors - GR) receptors that are co-localised in limbic neural circuitry. Current data suggest that MR controls in specific afferents the threshold or sensitivity of the fast CRH-1 driven stress system mode and thus prevents disturbance of homeostasis, while GR facilitates its recovery by restraining in these very same circuits stress responses and by mobilising energy resources. In preparation for future events GR facilitates behavioural adaptation and promotes storage of energy. The balance in the two stress system modes is thought to be essential for cell homeostasis, mental performance and health. Imbalance induced by genetic modification or chronic stressors changes specific neural signalling pathways underlying psychic domains of cognition and emotion, anxiety and aggression. This Yin-Yang stress concept is fundamental for genomic strategies to understand the mechanistic underpinning of cortisol-induced stress-related disorders such as i.e. severe forms of depression and co-morbid diseases.