Bringing the State Back In: State Structures and the Possibilities for “Keynesian” Responses to the Great Depression in Sweden, Britain, and the United States
Bringing the State Back In: State Structures and the Possibilities for “Keynesian” Responses to the Great Depression in Sweden, Britain, and the United States
复制标题
让国家回归：国家结构以及瑞典、英国和美国对大萧条做出“凯恩斯主义”反应的可能性
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511628283.006
复制
发表时间：
1985
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
T. Skocpol
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Weir;T. Skocpol
当20世纪30年代的大萧条席卷西方工业民主国家时，它破坏了公共财政的古典自由主义正统。经济危机使人们对政府应该平衡预算、维持金本位、让企业在经济衰退期间自行实现再平衡的主流信念产生了质疑。要求政府代表产业工人、农民和其他陷入困境的群体采取特别行动。既有的政治联盟解体了，新的机会为政治家和政党敞开了大门，他们可以设计出吸引人的对策来应对这十年的紧急情况。最大的困境之一是如何应对突然严重收缩的经济体中前所未有的失业人数。从20世纪30年代的创伤中，人们产生了新的政治和理论理解，即国家今后可能在维持发达工业资本主义民主国家的增长和就业方面发挥更积极的作用。“凯恩斯时代”由此诞生。为了纪念约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯在1936年出版的《就业、利息和货币通论》一书中体现的经济理论突破，这个时代后来被称为“凯恩斯时代”。然而，各国对大萧条危机的反应大相径庭。在许多情况下，要么保守的停滞不前，要么转向威权主义占了上风。在避免民主制度崩溃的国家中，瑞典和美国是改革派政治领导人对危机做出最大胆回应的地方。
When the Great Depression of the 1930s swept across the Western industrial democracies, it undermined classical liberal orthodoxies of public finance. Economic crisis called into question the predominant conviction that government should balance its budget, maintain the gold standard, and let business reequilibrate of its own accord during economic downturns. Demands were voiced for extraordinary government actions on behalf of industrial workers, farmers, and other distressed groups. Established political coalitions came unraveled, and new opportunities opened for politicians and parties that could devise appealing responses to the exigencies of the decade. One of the greatest dilemmas was how to cope with an unprecedented volume of unemployment in suddenly and severely contracted economies. Out of the traumas of the 1930s came new political and theoretical understandings of the much more active roles that states might henceforth play in maintaining growth and employment in advanced industrial-capitalist democracies. Thus was born the “Keynesian era,” as it would retrospectively come to be called in honor of the breakthrough in economic theory embodied in John Maynard Keynes's 1936 book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money . National reactions to the crisis of the depression varied widely, however. In many cases either conservative stasis or a turn toward authoritarianism prevailed. Among the countries that avoided the breakdown of democratic institutions, Sweden and the United States were the sites of the boldest responses to the crisis by reformist political leaderships.