Iron Age tin bronze metallurgy at Marlik, Northern Iran: an analytical investigation
Iron Age tin bronze metallurgy at Marlik, Northern Iran: an analytical investigation
复制标题
伊朗北部马里克的铁器时代锡青铜冶金：一项分析调查
DOI：
10.1007/s12520-015-0280-1
复制
发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
M. Hessari
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Omid Oudbashi;M. Hessari
1961年和1962年在马尔利克墓地（伊朗北方吉兰区）进行的考古发掘揭示了重要的考古遗迹，可追溯到铁器时代I和II时期（公元前第二个千年末/公元前第一个千年初）。虽然从马尔利克收集的金属包括各种金，银和青铜器的对象，并被认为是最重要的发现之一的金属对象从史前伊朗，本文讨论的技术调查提供信息锡青铜器对象只从马尔利克。为了更好地了解公元前2000年至公元前1000年伊朗北方使用的冶金工艺，确定了25件铜合金物品的成分和显微结构。实验分析进行了电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS），扫描电子显微镜结合能量色散X射线光谱（SEM-EDS）和光学显微镜。结果表明，铜基物体是由不同锡含量的二元铜锡合金制成的。其他元素，如砷，镍，铅，锌和锑检测到微量/痕量。不同的锡含量可能是由于应用了不受控制的程序来生产青铜合金（例如共熔或渗碳）。显微观察和微观分析表明，存在大量的硫化铜夹杂物，铅球和金属间化合物相分散在青铜固溶体。在研究中的青铜物体中看到的微观结构是多种多样的，包括加工/退火或树枝状晶粒结构。
The archaeological excavations performed in 1961 and 1962 at the necropolis of Marlik (Gilan District, northern Iran) revealed important archaeological remains dating to Iron Age I and II periods (late second/early first millennium BCE). While the metal collection from Marlik includes various gold, silver and bronze objects and is considered one of the most significant finds of metal objects from the prehistoric Iran, the technological investigations discussed in this paper provide information on tin bronze objects only from Marlik. Both the composition and the microstructure of 25 copper alloy objects have been determined in order to achieve a better understanding of the metallurgical processes used in northern Iran from the second to the first millennium BCE. Experimental analyses were carried out using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and optical microscopy. The results demonstrated that the copper-base objects were made of the binary copper–tin alloy with variable tin contents. Other elements such as As, Ni, Pb, Zn and Sb were detected in minor/trace amounts. Variable tin content may be due to the application of an uncontrolled procedure to produce bronze alloy (e.g. co-smelting or cementation). Microscopic observations and microanalyses revealed the presence of numerous copper sulphide inclusions, lead globules and intermetallic phases scattered in the bronze solid solution. The microstructures seen in the bronze objects under study were varied and included worked/annealed or dendritic grain structures.