Illegal fishing and fisheries crime as a transnational organized crime in Indonesia
Illegal fishing and fisheries crime as a transnational organized crime in Indonesia
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DOI：
10.1007/s12117-018-9329-8
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发表时间：
2019-09-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Hamilton, Steve
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chapsos, Ioannis;Hamilton, Steve
非法、不报告和不管制（IUU）捕鱼日益引起国际社会的关注，由于其对粮食、经济、环境和社会安全的严重影响，沿海国家加强努力，将其作为优先事项加以解决。作为世界上最大的群岛国家，这对印度尼西亚来说尤其成问题。在这个已经很复杂的地理和安全环境中，作者检验了IUU捕鱼和渔业犯罪被归类为跨国有组织犯罪活动的假设。这篇文章认为，IUU捕鱼不仅仅是一个渔业管理问题，因为它与渔业犯罪密切相关。因此，虽然这两个概念截然不同，但它们在整个海洋渔业价值链中是如此密切地相互联系和相互关联，因此只有在跨国有组织犯罪的框架内理解它们，才能有效地集体管理它们。为了证明这一观点，该研究利用了从大约2000名被贩运渔民那里收集的定性和定量数据，这些渔民于2015年从被困在印度尼西亚两个偏远地区的奴役条件下获救：Aru岛的Benjina和Ambon岛。文章的调查结果还揭示了与非法渔业内部运作有关的新趋势，分为四个不同但相互关联的类别：招聘模式和目标群体；伪造文书;强迫劳动和虐待；渔业违规。论文最后证实了这一假设，并强调IUU捕鱼为渔业犯罪和其他形式的跨国有组织犯罪的蓬勃发展提供了理想的（非法）环境。
Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is increasingly drawing international attention and coastal states strengthen their efforts to address it as a matter of priority due to its severe implications for food, economic, environmental and social security. As the largest archipelagic country in the world, this is especially problematic for Indonesia. In this already complex geographical and security environment, the authors test the hypothesis that IUU fishing and fisheries crime(s) classify as transnational organized criminal activities. The article argues that IUU fishing is much more than simply a fisheries management issue, since it goes hand in hand with fisheries crime. As a result, although the two concepts are quite distinct, they are so closely interlinked and interrelated throughout the entire value chain of marine fisheries, that they can only be managed effectively collectively by understanding them both within the framework of transnational organized crime. To make this argument, the research utilizes qualitative and quantitative data collected from approximately two thousand trafficked fishers, rescued in 2015 from slavery conditions while stranded in two remote Indonesian locations: Benjina on Aru island and on Ambon island. The article's findings also unveil new trends relating to the inner workings of the illegal fishing industry, in four different, yet interlinked categories: recruitment patterns and target groups; document forgery; forced labor and abuse; and fisheries violations. The paper concludes by confirming the hypothesis and highlights that IUU fishing provides the ideal (illegal) environment for fisheries crimes and other forms of transnational organized crimes to flourish.