Self-awareness in human and chimpanzee infants: What is measured and what is meant by the mark and mirror test?
Self-awareness in human and chimpanzee infants: What is measured and what is meant by the mark and mirror test?
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DOI：
10.1207/s15327078in0902_6
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Leavens, David A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bard, Kim A.;Todd, Brenda K.;Leavens, David A.
盖洛普(1970年)和阿姆斯特丹(1972)分别对黑猩猩和猴子和婴儿人类进行了自我识别的客观研究，研究对象是一面镜子和一个标记。比较心理学家遵循盖洛普建立的模型(和假设)，而发展心理学家遵循不同的模型(例如，Lewis&Brooks-Gunn，1979)。本文探讨了近30年来自我认知评价的定义和方法上的假设，并绘制了发展标记测验和比较标记测验之间的差异图。两项新的研究，一项针对幼年黑猩猩，另一项针对幼年人类，说明了这两种方法的调和。公开应用商标，或与如何发现商标有关的其他程序，并不能增强镜面自我识别。相比之下，母亲的脚手架似乎可以提高表现，可能是通过引发经过精心排练的言语反应(即给自己命名)。当使用类似的测试程序和评估标准时，黑猩猩和人类婴儿的表现是相似的。一种综合的发展比较方法使我们可以认为，镜像自我识别可能基于心理表征的一个特定方面，即象征化的认知能力。
The objective study of self-recognition, with a mirror and a mark applied to the face, was conducted independently by Gallup (1970) for use with chimpanzees and monkeys, and by Amsterdam (1972) for use with infant humans. Comparative psychologists have followed the model (and assumptions) set by Gallup, whereas developmental psychologists have followed a different model (e.g., Lewis & Brooks-Gunn, 1979). This article explores the assumptions in the definitions and methods of self-recognition assessments in the 30 years since these initial studies, and charts the divergence between the developmental mark test and the comparative mark test. Two new studies, 1 with infant chimpanzees and I with infant humans, illustrate a reconciliation of the 2 approaches. Overt application of the mark, or other procedures related to how the mark is discovered, did not enhance mirror self-recognition. In contrast, maternal scaffolding appears to enhance performance, perhaps by eliciting well-rehearsed verbal responses (i.e., naming self). When comparable testing procedures and assessment criteria are used, chimpanzee and human infants perform comparably. A combined developmental comparative approach allows us to suggest that mirror self-recognition may be based on a specific aspect of mental representation, the cognitive ability to symbolize.